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In the dark, the photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prohibits
bipolar neurons from exciting ganglion neurons.
Astrocytes play an important role in regulation of blood flow in the brain.
Oxidizing agents accept electrons from molecules undergoing reduction.
Myoglobin binds to more oxygen molecules than hemoglobin.
The chloride shift and its reverse play an important role in the acid-base balance of the
blood.
Melatonin has an extremely important role in the onset of human puberty.
Neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles is caused by Ca2+-synaptotagmin
complex interruption of the SNARE complex.
All skeletal muscles cause movement of the skeleton.
The kidneys play a major role regulating blood volume.
During the absolute refractory period, a supramaximal stimulus can bring the cell to
threshold.
An inactivated ion channel will respond to a strong stimulus.
Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.
Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then hydrolyzed into
free amino acids.
Damage to the lumbar region of the spinal cord could impair micturition.
Colipase is secreted by the duodenum and functions in fat emulsification.
Ions like Ca2+ can be second messengers for cell signaling.
Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
CCK (cholecystokinin) may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain to promote feelings of
satiety.
The ventricles pump an average of 50-60 mL of blood per minute.
Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol.
End-diastolic volume is decreased during exercise because of the increased heart rate.
Being able to distinguish separate trees in the forest is an example of the resolving
power of visual acuity.
The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.
People who have had their thyroid glands removed will need to take pharmacological
levels of calcitonin to maintain blood calcium balance.
ATP and adenosine can be released by nonneural cells to aid in blood clotting, taste, and
pain.
Activation of the apneustic center would increase tidal volume.
Rapid, uncontrolled hydrolysis of body fats can result in ketoacidosis.
Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.
Measurements of arterial PCO2 are used to assess lung function.
The pH optima for all digestive enzymes are approximately equal to the pH of blood.
The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine when
stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Na+ is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the Loop of
Henle from the tubular lumen.
In response to low blood plasma Na+, reduced ADH will decrease water volume in the
blood to match lower Na+ concentration while increased aldosterone will increase Na+
reabsorption to match the higher water volume of blood.
Adenohypophyseal function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Edema will result if a person has an abnormally low concentration of plasma proteins.
As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are
stimulated.
The nitric oxide radical promotes vasodilation.
The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the
action potentials being produced.
Fatty acids which have double bonds between the carbons are called saturated fatty
acids.
______________ occurs when the product of a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme
and decreases enzymatic activity.
A.Allosteric inhibition
B.End-product therapy
C.Second messaging
D.Coupling
Trypsin is activated by the enzyme
A.enterokinase.
B.lipase.
C.lactase.
D.carboxypeptidase.
When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient's blood
react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called
A.neutralization.
B.precipitation.
C.agglutination.
D.coagulation.
The hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in
A. Addison's disease.
B. diabetes insipidus.
C. Grave's disease.
D. Cushing's disease.
What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of
the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?
A. connexins
B. myelin
C. terminal boutons
D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Which organ system provides protection and thermoregulation?
A. the urinary system
B. the digestive system
C. the circulatory system
D. the integumentary system
Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the
autonomic nervous system by the
A. limbic system.
B. cerebral cortex.
C. cerebellum.
D. pons.
Cocaine is a(an) ___________________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic
nerve effects.
A.cholinergic
B.adrenergic
C.sympathomimetic
D.parasympathomimetic
The possibility that nuclear transplantation from one cell to another could produce stem
cells is referred to as
A.totipotent cloning.
B.reproductive cloning.
C.therapeutic cloning.
D.multipotent cloning.
Decreased liver protein synthesis would cause the amount of ______________ and
______________ in the blood to be decreased.
A.thromboplastin, RBCs
B.RBCs, WBCs
C.albumin, fibrinogen
D.platelets, albumin
In a myelinated axon, Na+ channels are
A. along the whole length of the axon.
B. every 5 mm.
C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.
D. less numerous at the nodes of Ranvier.
What is the medium found in the cochlear canal?
A.air
B.perilymph
C.endolymph
D.ectolymph
The _________ complex contains three proteins designated as the I, T, and C types.
A. actin
B. myosin
C. tropomyosin
D. troponin
Arterial blood pressure is influenced by
A. vasoconstriction.
B. cardiac rate.
C. cardiac output.
D. All apply.
__________________ is a technique for visualizing brain region activity indirectly by
detecting increases in blood oxygen levels.
A. Computed tomography
B. Electroencephalogram
C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D. Positron emission tomography
Peptide bonds are formed by the process of
A.ketosis.
B.hydrolysis.
C.dehydration synthesis.
D.aromatization.
Bases will _______________ protons in a solution.
A.accept
B.donate
C.ignore
D.repel
What occurs when the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria?
A. AV valves open
B. AV valves close
C. SL valves open
D. SL valves close
Elephantiasis is caused by
A.decreased plasma protein concentration.
B.obstruction of lymphatic drainage.
C.high arterial blood pressure.
D.myxedema.
One glucose would generate ______________ NADH molecules via the citric
acidcycle.
A. two
B. three
C. six
D. eight
A muscle contraction against a resistance that is greater than the force and causes
muscle lengthening is a(n)
A. concentric contraction.
B. isometric contraction.
C. eccentric contraction.
D. isokinetic contraction.
_________ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial
fluid of the renal tubules.
A.Urea
B.Protein
C.Creatinine
D.Xenobiotic molecule
Which of the following is needed for the myosin head to undergo a power stroke?
A. release of Pi
B. binding of ATP to the head
C. splitting of ATP into ADP and Pi
D. addition of Ca2+ to the head
Which anticoagulant and its action is NOT correctly matched?
A.aspirin - inhibits prostaglandin production and platelet aggregation
B.heparin - inhibits action of thrombin
C.coumadin - inhibits tissue thromboplastin
D.citrate - combines with calcium to prevent its function with clotting factors
The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is
A.acetylcholine.
B.dopamine.
C.epinephrine.
D.norepinephrine.
The process of two steroid hormones binding to their nuclear receptors at two half-sites
on DNA to initiate transcription is called
A.synergism.
B.antagonism.
C.translocation.
D.dimerization.
PAH actually measures
A.glomerular filtration rate.
B.renal plasma clearance.
C.total renal blood flow.
D.transport maximum.
Bone-forming cells are known as
A.osteocytes.
B.osteoblasts.
C.osteons.
D.chondrocytes.
Which of the following is NOT true of the functions of the pigment epithelium of the
retina?
A.absorption of scattered light
B.stabilize ion composition surrounding the photoreceptors
C.creating the dark current of the photoreceptors
D.delivery of nutrients to the photoreceptors
The ______________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.
A.SA node
B.AV bundle
C.Bundle of His
D.Purkinje fibers
CAPD utilizes the _________ as a dialysis membrane.
A.artificial semipermeable membrane
B.urinary bladder
C.peritoneum
D.lungs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white blood cells?
A.have nuclei and mitochondria
B.have amoeboid movement
C.can leave blood vessels
D.makes up the major formed element
The function of the _____________ is to produce ribosomal RNA.
A. chromatin
B. centromere
C. lysosomes
D. nucleolus
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain system is ____________.
A. NAD
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. ATP
What hormone may play a role in reducing the size of the uterus following delivery?
A.progesterone
B.prostaglandin
C.oxytocin
D.prolactin
