Life-Span Development 15th Edition

Which of the following statements about life review is NOT true? A.Life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets. B.Life reviews can include sociocultural dimensions. C.Life reviews lead to revision or expanded understanding of experiences. D.Life reviews include interpersonal relationship dimensions. Answer: A. A. A. The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT: A.the evolutionary psychology view. B.the

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence? A.Autonomy versus shame and doubt B.Intimacy versus isolation C.Initiative versus guilt D.Identity versus identity confusion Answer: D. D. D. Which of the following statements is true about perpetual problems? A.They are such problems that can be worked out. B.They are problems of such

According to Levinson, the changes to middle-adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts? A.Being young versus being old B.Being attractive versus being unattractive C.Being masculine versus being feminine D.Being destructive versus being constructive Answer: B. B. B. _____ develop from a

Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling? A. It does not occur in response to external stimuli. B. It appears during the first month after birth. C. It usually appears during sleep. D. The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants. Answer: D. D. D. Which of the following is a

Sometimes euthanasia is called: A."honor killing." B."mercy killing." C."quick death." D."violent death." Answer: B. B. B. Early-onset antisocial behavior: A.is associated with less negative developmental outcomes than late-onset antisocial behavior. B.is not associated with a tendency to persist into emerging adulthood. C.is associated with more mental health problems. D.is not associated with relationship problems, unlike late-onset antisocial behavior. Answer: C. C. C. The correlation between self-esteem

_____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment. A.Genetic predisposition B.Parental sensitivity C.Extraversion D.Uninhibited disposition Answer: B. B. B. Which of the following is included in the patterns of heterosexual behavior for males and females in emerging adulthood? A.Emerging adults are less likely than young adults to have had sexual intercourse with two or more individuals. B.Males

Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes. A.10 B.32 C.23 D.46 Answer: D. D. D. Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? A.Being at a grocery store and remembering what an individual wanted to buy B.Typing on a computer while talking to a friend C.Being able to name the

Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that _____ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and caregiver. A. a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries B. ignoring the infant's cries C. forcefully telling the infant not to cry D. responding too much to infant crying Answer: A. A. A. Abdiel

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in existential identity in old age? A.Generativity vs. stagnation B.Industry vs. inferiority C.Integrity vs. despair D.Intimacy vs. isolation Answer: C. C. C. When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face _____ and must adapt. A. equilibrium B. disturbance C. disequilibrium D. symmetry Answer: C. C. C. Don and Ellie have been married

People belonging to the _____ category often spent more time in singles bars and had more casual sex than their counterparts in the other divorce categories. A.libertine B.defeated C.seekers D.competent loners Answer: A. A. A. _____, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth. A.Adrenaline B.Oxytocin C.Vasopressin D.Estrogen

Baby Kendra, who is 6 days old, is presented with two breast pads. One comes from her mother, and the other has not been used. Which one will Kendra probably prefer? A. Kendra will probably not show any preference. B. Kendra will prefer her mother's breast pad. C. Kendra will prefer the clean breast

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children? A.Authoritarian parenting B.Authoritative parenting C.Indulgent parenting D.Neglectful parenting Answer: C. C. C. Most psychologists believe that it is best for dying individuals to: A.be unaware of their condition. B.limit their interaction with others. C.know that they are dying. D.distance themselves from family and friends. Answer: C. C. C. Approximately _____ percent of lesbians are

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? A.A little girl in boy's clothing B.A little boy playing with a doll C.A little boy playing with a toy truck D.A little girl carrying a baseball mitt Answer: B. B. B. Which of the following is true about antioxidants? A.There

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for an adult? A.Nurturance B.Hostility C.Self-control D.Self-confidence Answer: D. D. D. The _____ lobes in the cerebral cortex function in vision. A. frontal B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal Answer: C. C. C. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): A.are rarely passed through oral sex. B.can be prevented through the use of contraceptive pills or

From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality. A.1 to 3 B.4 to 7 C.10 to 12 D.2 to 4 Answer: B. B. B. A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability. A.tailored education plan (TEP) B.individualized education plan (IEP) C.exclusive education plan (EEP) D.disabilities education plan

Which of the following distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa? A.High socioeconomic status B.Acceptance of Western culture C.Rigid social structure D.Low access to formal education Answer: D. D. D. The _____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. A.

Identify the seventh stage of Erikson's life span theory. A.Intimacy versus isolation B.Integrity versus despair C.Autonomy versus shame and doubt D.Generativity versus stagnation Answer: D. D. D. The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is: A.through antidepressant medication like Prozac. B.not with medication, but through cognitive behavior therapy. C.a combination of psychoanalysis and family treatment. D.a combination of drug therapy and

Many psychotherapists prefer not to work with older patients, labeling them as _____. A.YAVISes B.OPLAs C.QUOIDs D.NUIPs Answer: C. C. C. Most of us reach our peak physical performance: A.before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. B.often between the ages of 15 and 22. C.before the age of 20. D.before the age of 22, often between

Before she started school in the U.S., Mita, daughter of immigrant parents of Indian origin, used to speak only her home language of Hindi fluently. She then learned to speak English in school and attained fluency in both Hindi and English. However, as she grew older, she started to feel

The reason why many ethnic minority workers never enjoy the Social Security and Medicare benefits to which their earnings contribute is because: A.most of them do not qualify for these benefits. B.they die before reaching the age of eligibility for benefits. C.their contributions to the benefits are negligible and thus might not get

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development: A.start at conception and continue until adulthood. B.start at birth and end at death. C.span from conception to death. D.start at birth and continue through adulthood. Answer: D. D. D. According to research by Donnellan, Larsen-Rife, and Conger, individuals high on _____ were more likely to have satisfying romantic relationships. A.agreeableness B.neuroticism C.extraversion D.openness Answer: A. A. A. Trenton was

According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood. A.reproductive fitness B.neurogenesis C.cognitive and perceptual fitness D.muscular and skeletal strength Answer: A. A. A. According to a study, maltreated young children in foster care were _____ than middle-SES young children living with their birth family. A.less likely to be

_____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking. A. Fine B. Gross C. Learned D. Major Answer: B. B. B. Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad.

A recent study of end-of-life planning conducted by Clements in 2009 revealed that _____ of patients 18 years of age and older had a living will. A.over two-thirds B.15 percent C.just one-third D.40 percent Answer: B. B. B. A(n) _____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons, and helps electrical signals travel faster

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they: A.believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors. B.lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy. C.are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious. D.do not think about how their lifestyle will affect them later in life. Answer: D. D. D. Six months after their loss, approximately _____

When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely

Which of the following statements is true about the attitudes toward death among older adults and younger adults? A.Younger adults lack any anticipation and hence death is usually emotionally less painful to them. B.Older adults are more likely to have children who need to be guided to maturity than younger adults and

Which of the following is a region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented? A.Amygdala B.Hippocampus C.Prefrontal cortex D.Hypothalamus Answer: B. B. B. A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DN A. A. susceptibility gene B. vulnerability gene C. longevity

_____ illness often follows a pattern of an acute period that may require hospitalization, followed by a longer period of remission, and then repetitions of this pattern. A.Acute B.Chronic C.Terminal D.Debilitating Answer: B. B. B. A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at _____. A.18 to 25 years of age B.15 to

What is the main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden? A. Level of inclusion of the father B. Provision of low-cost child care C. Level of inclusion of the extended family D. Provision of developmentally appropriate child care Answer: A. A. A. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on her school progress frequently, and also talks to her about

In 2009, approximately 702,000 U.S. children were found to be victims of child abuse at least once during that year. _____ of these children were abused by their parent(s). A.Ten percent B.Twenty-five percent C.Fifty-four percent D.Eighty-one percent Answer: D. D. D. Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? A.Do

Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. A.respect B.compatibility C.intimacy D.similarity Answer: C. C. C. The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is: A.generativity versus stagnation. B.trust versus mistrust. C.integrity versus despair. D.intimacy versus isolation. Answer: C. C. C. Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly

John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase. A.fluid B.semantic C.crystallized D.multiple Answer: A. A. A. Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following is true of Amber? A.Her IQ score is 86. B.Her IQ score is about average. C.Her

Erica, who has two children, marries Waynewho has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily. A.complex B.segregated C.simple D.mixed Answer: A. A. A. Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting and unresponsive? A.Authoritarian parenting B.Indulgent parenting C.Authoritative parenting D.Neglectful parenting Answer: D. D. D. In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted

Competent early childhood programs should focus: A. on cognitive development and socioemotional development. B. exclusively on cognitive development. C. on preoperational skills. D. on academics alone. Answer: A. A. A. In such fields as lyric poetry, abstract math, and theoretical physics, the peak of creativity is often reached during _____. A.late fifties B.twenties or thirties C.early adolescence D.old age Answer: B. B. B. A child is

Which of the following statements about cohabiting arrangements in the U.S. is true? A.Most cohabiting couples want the official aspects of marriage. B.There is absence of any link between education and cohabitation rates in the U.S. C.Length of cohabitation has been increasing since 1995. D.Most of these arrangements are very long-lasting. Answer: C. C. C. Prejudice against others

Which of the following is most likely to result in a heightened self-esteem in older adults? A.Being accepted by others and being told that they are nice B.Having a low religious allegiance C.Being widowed or institutionalized D.Deteriorating physical health attitudes and negative societal Answer: A. A. A. Economic problems that led to the recession at the end of

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on

At approximately the age of _____ years, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups. A.8 to 9 B.11 to 13 C.14 to 16 D.17 to 19 Answer: C. C. C. Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie: A.is given great freedom and

The experience of our world as a smooth, unitary episode is made possible by intermodal: A. reflection. B. perception. C. sensation. D. interpretation. Answer: B. B. B. From the following options identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional

The cost of caring for older adults with mental health disorders is estimated to be more than _____ per year in the United States. A.$100 billion B.$40 billion C.$100 million D.$50 million Answer: B. B. B. Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions? A.Habituation B.Joint attention C.Core knowledge approach D.The A-not-B error Answer: B. B. B. Johnny says he likes his

Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n): A.authoritarian parent. B.authoritative parent. C.indulgent parent. D.neglectful parent. Answer: B. B. B. The obesity rate has dramatically increased in the United States since 1900. This dramatic

Venette recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend Clarice. Clarice tells her that she has heard the story before, and, in fact, she had been the one to originally tell the story to Venette. Venette is having a failure of her _____ memory. A.prospective B.source C.fluid D.procedural Answer: B. B. B. Dr. Drew

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is: A.initiative versus guilt. B.autonomy versus shame and doubt. C.industry versus inferiority. D.trust versus mistrust. Answer: A. A. A. According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a: A. mental scheme. B. mental adaptation. C. behavioral adaptation. D. behavioral scheme. Answer: A. A. A. The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's

According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality supertrait describes whether an individual is either secure or insecure? A.Neuroticism B.Agreeableness C.Openness D.Extraversion Answer: A. A. A. The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families: A.are also homosexual. B.have a heterosexual orientation. C.are likely to be bisexual. D.grow up confused about their sexual orientation. Answer: B. B. B. According to

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably: A.around 6 months old. B.between 6 and 9 months old. C.between 12 and 18 months old. D.between 18 and 24 months old. Answer: D. D. D. Identify the correct sequence of the five stages

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3? A.From birth to 2 months B.From 2 to 7 months C.From 7 to 24 months D.From 24 months on Answer: C. C. C. A relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called _____, a pattern

Approximately, _____ African Americans is a carrier for sickle-cell anemia. A.1 in 50 B.1 in 100 C.1 in 10 D.1 in 200 Answer: C. C. C. Charisma is six months old and can vocalize pleasure and displeasure, search for objects out of reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of her. According to the Bayley

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters _____ thinking. A.divergent B.convergent C.critical D.oblique Answer: A. A. A. The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means: A. preparing for a memory-span test. B. doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp. C. repeating information after it has been presented. D. taking regular memory-span tests. Answer: C. C. C. Which of the following is true of

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that during adolescence and emerging adulthood, identity _____ status rose steadily to age 19 and then declined. A.achievement B.foreclosure C.diffusion D.moratorium Answer: D. D. D. _____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with

Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories? A.Emotionality, social ability, and activity level B.Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control C.Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up D.Extraversion, introversion, and emotionality Answer: B. B. B. Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play? A.Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination. B.Play

Three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent. Which of the following is NOT one of those meanings? A.Biological reward and continuity B.A remote role C.A financial strain D.A source of emotional fulfillment Answer: C. C. C. According to John Coie, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems

What is the most common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age? A.Sleep-disordered breathing becomes less prevalent. B.Wakeful periods become less frequent during the night. C.The total number of hours slept dramatically increases. D.There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep. Answer: D. D. D. The major shift to autonomy does not occur until

The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infant's problems is known as the _____ systems theory. A. dynamic B. maturational C. static D. environmental Answer: A. A. A. The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn. A. well-developed B. immature C. overactive D. absent Answer: B. B. B. Several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for

A study of tenth-graders revealed that: A.the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents. B.having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency. C.co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms. D.having no experience of romantic relationships

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics. A.RNA B.DNA C.Phenotype D.Stereotype Answer: C. C. C. The _____ are characterized by individuals motivated to find new mates as soon as possible after their divorce. A.good-enoughs B.enhancers C.seekers D.defeated Answer: C. C. C. Sleep problems in middle-aged adults have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A.usage of prescription drugs. B.obesity. C.single parenting. D.cardiovascular

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of: A. 1-year-olds. B. 2-year-olds. C. 3-year-olds. D.

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859. A. Sigmund Freud B. Charles Darwin C. Stephen Hawking D. Wilhelm Wundt Answer: B. B. B. Regular _____ has been shown to decrease the onset of physical disability in older adults. A.weight training B.walking C.massage D.checkups Answer: B. B. B. Recent research revealed that _____ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption. A.authoritarian B.authoritative C.neglectful D.indulgent Answer: B. B. B. What percentage

Barbara monitors her children's emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an: A.emotion-facilitator parent. B.emotion-supportive parent. C.emotion-coaching parent. D.emotion-encouraging parent. Answer: C. C. C. Hospices are a relatively recent approach developed to: A.cure illness and prolong life at all costs. B.make the end of life as free from

Which of the following is TRUE ofdifferences in the helping behavior of males and females? A.Females are helpful irrespective of the situation. B.Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature. C.Males are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior. D.Females are more likely to help when the other person involved is

According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential. A.selection B.organization C.optimization D.compensation Answer: D. D. D. Regular binge drinking can change blood flow, and it can be a precursor for developing _____, which refers to hardening of the arteries. A.gonorrhea. B.syphilis. C.atherosclerosis. D.bulimia nervosa. Answer: C. C. C. Joan has three

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of: A.cancer. B.Down syndrome. C.anemia. D.hypertension. Answer: D. D. D. Compared to nonaggressive children, which of the following observations is NOT true of aggressive boys searching for clues to determine a peer's intention(s)? A.They respond more rapidly. B.They respond less efficiently. C.They respond less reflectively. D.They respond more ambiguously. Answer: D. D. D. Most psychologists emphasize that

During the fourth week of prenatal development, the urogenital system becomes apparent, and _____ emerge. A. fingernails and toenails B. hair and eyelashes C. arm and leg buds D. eyes and eyelids Answer: C. C. C. The young-old are people who are between: A.40 to 50 years of age. B.50 to 65 years of age. C.65 to 84 years of age. D.75

According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation. A. the age of a child B. heredity C. attention D. intuition Answer: C. C. C. Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism

According to Sandra Scarr, passive genotype-environment correlations are relatively more common in the lives of: A. infants and young children. B. older children. C. adolescents. D. adults. Answer: A. A. A. Mariah has given birth to a baby girl. Even one month after delivery, she is experiencing very strong feelings of sadness and anxiety. She is so morose

Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were: A.chronic depression and cardiovascular disease. B.diabetes and depression. C.alcohol abuse and smoking. D.smoking and obesity. Answer: C. C. C. Louise is teaching her son to read by telling him the sounds that each alphabet stands

According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the first stage of moral development? A.Social contract or utility and individual rights. B.Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. C.Heteronomous morality. D.Social systems morality. Answer: C. C. C. A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the

Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true? A.Approximately 20 million retired Americans return to work after they have retired. B.When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average four years after retirement. C.A majority of former retirees report that they were forced to go back to

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through: A. the Maria Montessori Program. B. Emancipation Undertaking. C. the Reggio Emilia Project. D. Project Head Start. Answer: D. D. D. _____ love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often

According to Denise Park, much of the blame for declining memory in late middle age is a result of: A.neuroanatomical changes during late middle age. B.decreased blood supply to various parts of the brain. C.physiological and cognitive atrophy during late middle age. D.information overload that builds up over the adult years. Answer: D. D. D. _____ refer to

The poor are the majority in nearly one of every _____ nations of the world. A. five B. ten C. two D. eight Answer: A. A. A. In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has _____. A.AIDS B.herpes C.syphilis D.gonorrhea Answer: A. A. A. June knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States. The names of the states are a part of June's _____ memory. A. innate B. explicit C. distinctive D. implicit Answer: B. B. B. Which of the following attachment

Which of the following is the finding of the longitudinal and cross-sectional assessment of intellectual abilities conducted by Schaie? A.Decline in intellectual abilities was more likely in the cross-sectional assessments than in the longitudinal assessments. B.When assessed longitudinally, inductive reasoning showed a consistent decline in the middle adulthood years. C.When assessed cross-sectionally, inductive reasoning

Which of the following is true of the effects of aging on human sexual performance? A.Orgasm becomes less frequent in females with age, occurring in every second to third attempt rather than every time. B.More direct stimulation usually is needed to produce an erection. C.A large-scale study of individuals from 57 to 85 years

_____ is a cognitive resource that involves the ability to perform tasks such as deciding whether pairs of two-digit or two-letter strings are the same or different or determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops. A.Sustained attention B.Executive attention C.Episodic memory D.Perceptual speed Answer: D. D. D. Which of the

Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles? A.Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles B.Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzles on her