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Rousseau’s concept of the general will refers to: A. living out one’s social contract B. a summation of a person’s private will C. the type of government that is best for all D. the innate tendency to live harmoniously with […]

Which of the following was true of Aquinas’ theology? A. It united faith and reason. B. It deplored the study of nature. C. It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable. D. It argued that the Christian church should be as […]

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: A. logical consistency B. consequences C. moral implications D. compatibility with societal and cultural norms According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of […]

Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? A. we see a bear, become frightened, and run B. we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry C. we strike a person and then become angry D. more than […]

For Skinner, the environment is important because it: A. elicits behavior B. selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies C. provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies D. allows the organism to develop a cognitive map What term did […]

What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms? A. Sublimation B. Projection C. Identification D. Repression The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more: A. universal B. monotheistic C. ritualistic […]

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: A. essentially the same B. experienced only in the mind C. polar opposites D. intrinsically related James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person was his […]

Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: A. psychology of the mind B. function of the mind C. neurology of the mind D. philosophy of the mind Which of the following did Burt believe? […]

According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: A. mathematical knowledge B. the mind itself C. what God has revealed D. the knowledge of moral principles Plato’s theory of forms […]

James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved. A. the empirical self B. the self as knower C. the stream of consciousness D. self-esteem According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one’s […]

Which of the following did Comte believe? A. Metaphysical speculation is essential to understanding humans. B. Internal sensations and perceptions are all of which we could be certain. C. Humans cannot be studied objectively because cognitions cannot be known. D. […]

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise: A. arithmetically B. geometrically C. algebraically D. exponentially The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause. A. material […]

“Nothing-butism” is the claim that behavior is: A. caused solely by biological factors B. caused solely by environmental factors C. caused only by biological factors or that it is caused only by environmental factors. D. caused by both biological and […]

McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three? A. perception B. cognition C. motivation D. reaction Watson […]

Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____. a. inheritance; experience […]

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n): a. indeterminist b. psychical determinist c. nondeterminist d. physical determinist According to the Sophists, what is it that determines […]

Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of: A. parallel distributed processing B. if-then statements C. excitation and inhibition D. mathematical weights For Watson, thinking is: A. internal speech B. imageless C. implicit, unlearned […]

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of […]

Confessions, a volume about one man’s sins, confessions, and forgiveness, is written by: A. St. Paul B. St. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Avicenna According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework […]

By shifting one’s attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: A. perception B. the law of forward conduction C. creative synthesis D. unconscious inference For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but […]

Lewin’s contention that only facts currently present on one’s life space can influence a person’s thinking and behavior is called: A. a psychological fact B. the principle of contemporaneity C. the principle of contiguity D. the Zeigarnik effect In Charcot’s […]

According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: A. subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination B. computing the choice reaction time C. computing the mental chronometry […]

The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by: A. denying the existence of a causal mind B. changing the issue to a mind-brain problem C. accepting epiphenomenalism D. accepting interactionism According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one’s […]

Hobbes’ explanation of “trains of thought” relied on: A. innate ideas B. the law of contiguity C. spirituality D. rationalism In 1946, the APA published a new journal as the voice of a new, unified psychology.What was this journal? A. […]

According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? A. Professionals as teachers B. A child’s natural interests C. A setting free of distractions D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge According to Tolman, the […]

Which of the following best describes Elizabeth Loftus’s position concerning repressed memories? A. They exist more in the minds of psychotherapists than in the minds of patients. B. Males tend to repress memories of childhood sexual abuse more than females. […]

Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin’s at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory? A. Lamarck B. Spencer C. Malthus D. Wallace Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation […]

Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary. A. apperception; perception B. perception; apperception C. attention; creative synthesis D. creative synthesis; attention The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of […]

The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees? A. Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) B. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) C. Master of Arts degree (MA) D. […]

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: A. of the acuteness of the senses B. it made common sense to do so C. Hume’s logic was faulty D. such notions are innate If a […]

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. idealistic monism D. interactionism Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. closure D. inclusiveness Answer: D Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology […]