An Introduction to the History of Psychology 7th Edition

Rousseau's concept of the general will refers to: A. living out one's social contract B. a summation of a person's private will C. the type of government that is best for all D. the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D According to Buss, the sociobiological fallacy refers to: A. the

Which of the following was true of Aquinas' theology? A. It united faith and reason. B. It deplored the study of nature. C. It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable. D. It argued that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St. Augustine. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: A. logical consistency B. consequences C. moral implications D. compatibility with societal and cultural norms Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to: A. study mental disorders B. seek pure rather than practical

Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? A. we see a bear, become frightened, and run B. we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry C. we strike a person and then become angry D. more than one of these choices Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C The force that transforms matter into a particular

For Skinner, the environment is important because it: A. elicits behavior B. selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies C. provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies D. allows the organism to develop a cognitive map Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B What term did Herbart use to describe the force that holds ideas incompatible with the

What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms? A. Sublimation B. Projection C. Identification D. Repression Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more: A. universal B. monotheistic C. ritualistic D. personal Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage,

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: A. essentially the same B. experienced only in the mind C. polar opposites D. intrinsically related Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person was his or her: A. early experience B. worldview C. genetic makeup D. cultural environment Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B According

Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: A. psychology of the mind B. function of the mind C. neurology of the mind D. philosophy of the mind Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following did Burt believe? A. Special education could substantially improve the performance of children with intellectual disabilities. B.

According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: A. mathematical knowledge B. the mind itself C. what God has revealed D. the knowledge of moral principles Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are: A.

James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved. A. the empirical self B. the self as knower C. the stream of consciousness D. self-esteem Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in

Which of the following did Comte believe? A. Metaphysical speculation is essential to understanding humans. B. Internal sensations and perceptions are all of which we could be certain. C. Humans cannot be studied objectively because cognitions cannot be known. D. Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D At one point, Freud believed

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise: A. arithmetically B. geometrically C. algebraically D. exponentially Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause. A. material B. formal C. efficient D. final Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are

"Nothing-butism" is the claim that behavior is: A. caused solely by biological factors B. caused solely by environmental factors C. caused only by biological factors or that it is caused only by environmental factors. D. caused by both biological and environmental factors in varying degrees Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: A.

McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three? A. perception B. cognition C. motivation D. reaction Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Watson and Lashley cooperated in 'sports" research on archers showing that ____ enhanced

Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____. a. inheritance; experience b. experience; inheritance c. God; freewill d. freewill; God Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A According to Seligman, ____

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n): a. indeterminist b. psychical determinist c. nondeterminist d. physical determinist Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth? A. The truthfulness of the

Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of: A. parallel distributed processing B. if-then statements C. excitation and inhibition D. mathematical weights Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C For Watson, thinking is: A. internal speech B. imageless C. implicit, unlearned behavior D. explicit, learned behavior Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A For Socrates, essences were: A. impossible to determine B. verbal definitions C.

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People

Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness, is written by: A. St. Paul B. St. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Avicenna Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow Answer:

By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: A. perception B. the law of forward conduction C. creative synthesis D. unconscious inference Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____. A. learning; performance B. performance; learning C. perception; memory D. memory; perception Answer: B Answer: B Answer:

Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called: A. a psychological fact B. the principle of contemporaneity C. the principle of contiguity D. the Zeigarnik effect Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because: A. only women became hysteric B.

According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: A. subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination B. computing the choice reaction time C. computing the mental chronometry D. presenting several different stimuli to subjects, but allowing them to only respond to

The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by: A. denying the existence of a causal mind B. changing the issue to a mind-brain problem C. accepting epiphenomenalism D. accepting interactionism Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: A. innate ideas B. the law of contiguity C. spirituality D. rationalism Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B In 1946, the APA published a new journal as the voice of a new, unified psychology.What was this journal? A. American Psychologist B. Journal of Clinical Psychology C. Journal of Applied Psychology D.

According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? A. Professionals as teachers B. A child's natural interests C. A setting free of distractions D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n): A. belief B.

Which of the following best describes Elizabeth Loftus's position concerning repressed memories? A. They exist more in the minds of psychotherapists than in the minds of patients. B. Males tend to repress memories of childhood sexual abuse more than females. C. Females tend to repress memories of childhood memories of sexual abuse more

Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory? A. Lamarck B. Spencer C. Malthus D. Wallace Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: A. pulsatories B. associations C. vibratiuncles D.

Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary. A. apperception; perception B. perception; apperception C. attention; creative synthesis D. creative synthesis; attention Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain. A. psychological B.

The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees? A. Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) B. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) C. Master of Arts degree (MA) D. Master of Science degree (MS) Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A According to Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge,

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: A. of the acuteness of the senses B. it made common sense to do so C. Hume's logic was faulty D. such notions are innate Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____,

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. idealistic monism D. interactionism Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. closure D. inclusiveness Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson? A. The emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior B. The emphasis on