Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:
A. essentially the same
B. experienced only in the mind
C. polar opposites
D. intrinsically related
James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person
was his or her:
A. early experience
B. worldview
C. genetic makeup
D. cultural environment
According to the text, what was a positive influence of early Protestantism?
A. It put reason before faith.
B. It was a liberating influence.
C. It promoted forgiveness.
D. It standardized the interpretation of the Bible.
The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the
same experience and cannot be separated is called:
a. preestablished harmony
b. double aspectism
c. epiphenomenalism
d. psychophysical parallelism
Which of the following best characterizes Cattell’s approach to intelligence?
A. He was adamantly opposed to Galton’s ideas that intelligence could be inherited.
B. He believed it was unrelated to measures of sensory acuity or reaction time.
C. He believed that systematic measurement was essential to the study of intelligence.
D. He believed that intelligence was far too complex to be measured.
Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical
knowledge, as:
A. demonstrative knowledge
B. empirical knowledge
C. innate knowledge
D. associative knowledge
According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or
her apperceptive mass, the material will:
A. cause anxiety
B. be rejected or at least will not be understood
C. create an approach-avoidance conflict
D. cause a creative change in the apperceptive mass
Chomsky’s explanation of language is basically:
A. empiricistic
B. nativistic
C. associationistic
D. mechanistic
What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
A. philosophy
B. materialism
C. epistemology
D. psychophysics
Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?
A. Watson
B. Comte
C. Tolman
D. Bridgman
Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:
A. first-signal system
B. second-signal system
C. cortical mosaic
D. mind
According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a
function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had
been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
A. habit strength
B. reaction potential
C. operant level
D. reaction threshold
Newton believed that his work:
A. revealed nature’s secrets
B. proved that there was no God
C. showed that the universe was anything but a machine
D. showed that a mathematical analysis of the material world was impossible
According to May, exercising one’s freedom means:
A. building a foundation for success
B. showing responsibility towards one’s community
C. acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions
D. experiencing guilt
For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.
A. molar behavior; learned behavior
B. molecular behavior; purposive behavior
C. molar behavior; purposive behavior
D. purposive behavior; reinforced behavior
Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This
led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including:
A. trepanation and bleeding the patient
B. transubstantiation and bleeding the patient
C. trepanation and solitary confinement
D. transubstantiation and solitary confinement
Husserl’s phenomenology soon expanded into:
A. humanism
B. cognitive socialism
C. existentialism
D. analytic ontology
What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?
A. philosophical truth, feelings, and convention
B. philosophical truth, sensations, and convention
C. sensations, feelings, and philosophical truth
D. sensations, feelings, and convention
Mental illness, as we now refer to it, has been described in various ways historically.
What is one term that was used in earlier times to refer to this condition?
A. psychopathology
B. lunatic
C. abnormal behavior
D. Ptolemic
Who created the field of cybernetics?
A. Norbert Wiener
B. Claude Shannon
C. George Miller
D. Herbert Simon
Which of the following is true of neural networks?
A. They process information one sequence at a time.
B. They store and retrieve symbolic representations.
C. They process several sequences of information simultaneously.
D. They are incapable of learning.
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is
called:
A. Scholasticism
B. Occam’s razor
C. nominalism
D. realism
Posthypnotic suggestion is:
A. where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then
they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance
B. where individuals cannot remember what occurred while in a hypnotic trance
C. where patients do not respond when alone with a physician, but only in the presence
of others
D. a situation in which an individual is told to perform some act before being
hypnotized
According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:
A. realize that one’s life is finite
B. recognize the continuity between humans and nonhuman animals
C. realize that although the body dies, the soul continues to live
D. be willing to accept the mores of one’s society
With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the:
A. law of Prgnanz
B. principle of inclusiveness
C. constancy hypothesis
D. principle of similarity
Who stated that, “All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be
false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will
fare better must be close to zero?”
A. Thomas Kuhn
B. Peter Medawar
C. Karl Popper
D. Roger Sperry
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
A. not be used
B. be equated with intentionality
C. be free of any preconceptions
D. be used to examine only the mind turned inward
Which of the following best describes Guthrie’s view of “reinforcement”?
A. a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning
B. drive reduction
C. a satisfying state of affairs
D. the confirmation of an expectancy
Many psychologists see psychology’s diversity as:
A. necessary, given the complexity of humans
B. a sign that psychology has fully employed the scientific method
C. expected because the field is still in the paradigmatic stage
D. a troubling sign of further tension amongst the divisions
Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while
describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.
A. intensity; modality
B. modality; intensity
C. saturation; vividness
D. energy; clearness
After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission’s findings about his
practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism
in the United States?
A. Poyen
B. Gassner
C. Hell
D. Puysgur
Due to Mnsterberg’s interests and work he is known as one of the first:
A. social psychologists
B. forensic psychologists
C. statistical psychologists
D. educational psychologists