Which of the following best describes Elizabeth Loftus’s position concerning repressed
memories?
A. They exist more in the minds of psychotherapists than in the minds of patients.
B. Males tend to repress memories of childhood sexual abuse more than females.
C. Females tend to repress memories of childhood memories of sexual abuse more than
males.
D. Recovering repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse should be the single most
important goal of psychotherapy.
Panpsychism is the belief that:
A. God is everywhere and in everything
B. everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
C. humans created God in their own image
D. only humans possess a mind
Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):
A. Emile
B. noble savage
C. existentialist
D. romantic
According to your text, the mind-body problem:
A. can be solved by linking cognitive events with neurophysiological changes
B. is a relatively small question for contemporary cognitive psychology
C. remains one of psychology’s persistent problems
D. is mainly considered problematic from the radical behaviorist perspective
Which of the following did Watson’s objective psychology have in common with
Russian objective psychology?
A. Rejection of introspection as a research tool
B. Use of mentalism in an explanation of behavior
C. An interest in brain physiology
D. A focus on cognitive processes
Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:
A. negative sensations
B. just noticeable differences
C. petites perceptions
D. impossible
For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:
A. abstract thought
B. reflection
C. association
D. imagination
Hobbes believed in which of the following?
A. That humans were innately benevolent
B. That democracy was dangerous
C. That government should be subservient to the church
D. That human rationality allows humans to inhibit their animalistic impulses
Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from:
A. experience
B. empirical investigation
C. God
D. psychophysical parallelism
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific
because they:
a. make too many risky predictions
b. make postdictions rather than predictions
c. make predictions rather than postdictions
d. are too easily falsified
Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological
Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers.
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 70%
The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the
libido. Freud saw the libido as ____,while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____.
A. sexual energy; cathartic energy
B. sexual energy; a creative life force
C. creative life force; sexual energy
D. aggressive energy; growth energy
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
A. mental processes
B. instinctive behavior
C. overt behavior
D. consciousness
For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:
A. allowing the meaning of an object to influence one’s introspective analysis of that
object
B. seeing something that is not physically present
C. failing to see something that is physically present
D. not allowing an object’s meaning to influence one’s introspective analysis of that
object
Broca’s research in craniometry found erroneously that:
A. the brain is smaller in mature adults
B. the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races
C. the brain is larger in women
D. there is no relationship between intelligence and the volume of the brain
According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would
consist of:
A. exclusively studying overt behavior
B. developing third-force or humanistic psychology
C. using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes
D. synthesizing behaviorism and psychoanalysis
A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:
A. its corpus callosum ablated
B. its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
C. its frontal lobe separated from the rest of the brain
D. its reticular formation removed
According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one’s internal sense causes:
A. a feeling of Godliness
B. one to rise above animal impulses
C. guilt
D. anxiety
With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
A. Behavior is guided by innate moral principles.
B. Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
C. Hedonism should be admonished.
D. Government and religions should be closely linked.
Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined:
A. relative to the experiences of an average person
B. as a disease
C. by trained professionals
D. as criminal behavior
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
A. a motive or need
B. a cognitive process
C. an opposing force
D. a link to reproduction
For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:
A. to act or not to act in accordance with nature’s plan
B. to live or not to live in accordance with God’s will
C. to seek pleasure or to avoid pain
D. to follow one’s personal impulses or to conform to society’s values
Jean Piaget’s major contribution to the field of psychology was:
A. creating the foundations for neural networks
B. creating a cognitive revolution through psycholinguistics
C. suggesting that computer programs can simulate but not duplicate human thought
D. characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience
Thorndike’s law of exercise stated that:
A. no pain, no gain
B. the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced
C. the mind could not be healthy if the body was not healthy
D. all mammals learned according to the same principles
Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality ‘signals of signals” or the:
A. first-signal system
B. second-signal system
C. cortical mosaic
D. mind
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:
A. ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction
B. punish it
C. reinforce it
D. explain to the perpetrator why his or her behavior is undesirable
Neural networks based on Hebb’s rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.
A. require extensive training; require a “teacher” to provide feedback on performance
B. require feedback; are self-correcting
C. process several sequences simultaneously; are self-correcting
D. are self-correcting; require a “teacher” to provide feedback about performance
According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always:
A. combines primary and secondary qualities
B. reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences
C. involves a human experience
D. elicits either a feeling of pleasure or pain
The ideas of the Enlightenment:
A. brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge
B. align with the ideas of premodernism
C. were supported by romanticism and existentialism
D. were supported by philosophers such as Hume and Kant
The Gestaltists are opposed to any type of:
A. mentalism
B. elementism
C. introspection
D. analysis
According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the “absolute
paradox” with:
A. faith
B. consciousness
C. reasoning ability
D. guilt
Descartes believed that:
A. the mind is nonmaterial
B. the mind is equated with the brain
C. the mind’s existence can be logically demonstrated
D. even animals possess a rudimentary mind