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According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:
A. of the acuteness of the senses
B. it made common sense to do so
C. Hume's logic was faulty
D. such notions are innate
If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept
in Freudian theory.
A. free
B. complex
C. overdetermined
D. abnormal
In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs
when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are
employed is:
A. as important as any other type of learning
B. insightful
C. longer lasting than other types of learning
D. trivial
What type of magic was based upon the principle of similarity?
A. black
B. homeopathic
C. contagious
D. white
Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
a. idealism
b. materialism
c. monism
d. epiphenomenalism
According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary
quality and secondary quality?
A. primary quality: subjective; secondary quality: objective
B. primary quality: sensation; secondary quality: perception
C. primary quality: size; secondary quality: color
D. primary quality: taste; secondary quality: shape
In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence?
A. He translated it into English.
B. He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100.
C. He made it applicable to adults as well as to children.
D. He freed it from cultural biases.
Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various
cognitive and behavioral functions?
A. Witmer
B. Wundt
C. Kraepelin
D. Hippocrates
The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a
physician will do so in a group is called:
A. the Zeigarnik effect
B. mesmerism
C. the contagion effect
D. animal magnetism
Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?
A. He dispelled the belief in animal magnetism.
B. He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's
health.
C. He proclaimed the use of exorcism as the only way to restore normal behavior.
D. He uncovered fraudulent "natural healers."
According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him
or her at a given time.
A. apperceptive mass
B. essence
C. life space
D. hodological space
Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific
activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a
____.
A. memory process; memory trace
B. memory trace; memory process
C. memory process; trace system
D. memory engram; trace system
For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are:
A. the elements of thought
B. elemental feelings
C. mental phenomena
D. physiological mechanisms
Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas
such as:
A. child analysis
B. marriage counseling
C. confidence building
D. the treatment of depression
According to Popper, scientific activity begins:
a. with a problem
b. with empirical observation
c. with a well-formulated paradigm
d. with consensus
Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint
and harsh treatment?
A. Chiarugi
B. Tuke
C. Dix
D. Rush
In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about
institutional reforms in most of those states?
A. Pinel
B. Rush
C. Tuke
D. Dix
Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?
A. Galton
B. Darwin
C. Pearson
D. Cattell
Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control,
such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:
A. frustration
B. thrownness
C. Dasein
D. inauthenticity
Which of the following is true?
A. The APA currently has approximately 10,000 members.
B. In 2005, 72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by women.
C. In 2005, 72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by men.
D. APA members can only belong to one division.
During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at
the choice point. This apparent pondering is called:
A. expectancy
B. vicarious trial and error
C. belief formation
D. cognitive map formation
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
A. on conditioned reflexes
B. in physiology
C. on salivation
D. in the improvement of surgical techniques
Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a
signal for what is being done"?
A. law of contiguity
B. law of consolidation
C. law of contrasting effects
D. law of comparison
Ebbinghaus was the first to study learning and memory:
A. from a neuroanatomical perspective
B. as associative processes
C. as they occur
D. from a theological point of view
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living,
the person becomes:
A. incongruent
B. true to his or her own feelings
C. fully functioning
D. free from guilt and anxiety
What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that
science can solve all human problems?
A. Scientism
B. Utilitarianism
C. Radical environmentalism
D. Empiricism
According to Khler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are
always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:
A. the law of Prgnanz
B. the constancy principle
C. unconscious inference
D. psychophysical isomorphism
If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the
theory is:
a. weak
b. useless
c. the type that all sciences hope to develop
d. falsifiable
Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss:
A. popularized client-centered therapy
B. used existentialism to understand human nature
C. reconciled faith and science
D. showed that effective living depends on effective myths
Which of the following is true concerning monads?
A. Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking.
B. Inanimate objects do not possess monads.
C. Only God possesses enough monads for clear thinking.
D. Monads are influenced by sensory experience.
For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:
A. the will to survive
B. the will to power
C. hedonism
D. to act in accordance with God's will
According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of
survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:
A. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
B. evolutionary associationism
C. social Darwinism
D. survival of the fittest
Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the
following statements best represents his position?
A. Truth depends on the physical reality, not on the perceiver
B. What is truth should not be affected by the culture one lives in
C. Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect
perceptions
D. Perceptions are similar from person to person because we all share a similar reality
The termsociobiologyis often used interchangeably with the term:
A. connectionism
B. behavioral genetics
C. evolutionary psychology
D. ethology
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks
but not others, ____.
A. the completed tasks are remembered better than the uncompleted tasks
B. the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
C. neither completed not uncompleted tasks are remembered very well
D. complete and uncompleted tasks are remembered equally well
