Rousseau’s concept of the general will refers to:
A. living out one’s social contract
B. a summation of a person’s private will
C. the type of government that is best for all
D. the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one’s fellow humans
According to Buss, the sociobiological fallacy refers to:
A. the contention that we merely live to pass copies of our genes into the next
generation
B. the idea that behaviors were selected in our evolutionary past because they solved
problems
C. the application of Darwinian principles to human social behavior
D. a behavioral tendency now exists because it contributed to the survival of a species
Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
a. a problem
b. empirical observation
c. logical deduction
d. a theory
Which of the following most characterized Rousseau’s utopian society?
A. The ownership of private property
B. Democratic elections
C. The encouragement of individuals to act in accordance with their private will
D. The surrender of the individual will to the general will
According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?
A. anxiety and guilt
B. anxiety and responsibility
C. creativity and guilt
D. creativity and responsibility
Which of the following is considered a reaction to the Enlightenment belief in abstract
universal principles?
A. Noam Chomsky’s cognitive revolution
B. Hebb’s rule
C. James’s radical empiricism and pragmaticism
D. May’s human dilemma
According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of
personality.
A. id
B. ego
C. superego
D. preconscious
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
A. Watson
B. Lorenz
C. Sperry
D. Yerkes
Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an
effort to understand humans?
A. methodological behaviorists
B. humanistic psychologists
C. radical behaviorists
D. materialists
The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is
called:
a. psychophysical parallelism
b. double aspectism
c. preestablished harmony
d. idealism
According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within
psychology?
A. The tension between those who hold Ph.D.s and those who hold Psy.D.s
B. The tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
C. The tension between academic and clinical psychologists
D. The tension between the APA and the APS
Hartley’s account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
A. emphasized the law of contiguity
B. attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
C. accepted the existence of innate ideas
D. utilized a Newtonian approach towards moral philosophy
By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that:
A. one’s mind exists apart from the Absolute
B. people are separated from the fruits of their labor
C. people are separated from their natural tendency toward self-actualization
D. people have become separated from their basic roots in nature
What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric
theory?
A. It makes accurate astronomical predictions.
B. It is compatible with church dogma.
C. It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical
order.
D. It was consistent with the evidence of the senses.
Nietzsche’s ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.
A. perspectivism
B. emphasis on human rationality
C. belief in God
D. determinism
Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche
believed they should be ____.
A. nurtured; eliminated
B. repressed; expressed
C. expressed; repressed
D. eliminated; repressed
Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from
one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
A. corpus callosum and optic chiasm
B. corpus callosum and amygdala
C. hippocampus and optic chiasm
D. hippocampus and optic amygdala
According to the Gestaltists’ idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a
medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray
card along with a white one, the animal will tend to:
A. approach the white card
B. avoid both cards
C. approach the medium gray card
D. approach both cards about 50% of the time
For Spinoza, free will:
A. is a fiction
B. is absolute
C. comes to those who are enlightened
D. questions the existence of God
By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology’s first:
A. learning curve
B. psychological law
C. retention curve
D. study of meaningfulness
According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious
dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make
personal choices.
A. neurotic anxiety
B. normal anxiety
C. thrownness
D. Dasein
In 1925, why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists
who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?
A. The APA wanted to create a separate but equal category for applied psychologists.
B. The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry.
C. The APA valued the degree of Psy.D over Ph.D.
D. The APA wanted to integrate the fields of applied and experimental psychology.
Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:
A. language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
B. learned behavior is eventually displaced by instinctual behavior
C. some associations are more easily learned than others
D. language is explained in the same way as any other form of learned behavior
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
A. self-psychology
B. psychophysics
C. metaphysics
D. color vision
Largely due to this man’s efforts, Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and
documents.
A. Constantine
B. St. Augustine
C. Thomas Aquinas
D. St. Paul
Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support?
a. “Science is a highly subjective enterprise.”
b. “The scientific method guarantees objectivity.”
c. “Each scientific enterprise is so unique that scientists cannot share a common set of
assumptions.”
d. “Once a paradigm has been established further experimentation becomes
unnecessary.”
According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical
forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.
A. Skinner
B. Piaget
C. James
D. Kant
Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor
among scientists and was essentially discarded.
A. the mind-body problem
B. materialism
C. phrenology
D. rationalistic philosophy
Benjamin Rush argued that:
A. prisoners were beyond reform
B. unwed women were highly prone to hysteria
C. people with mental illness should experience fresh air
D. bloodletting was inhumane
For Popper, a nonscientific theory:
a. is insignificant
b. is unimportant
c. can still be useful
d. is especially useful
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?
A. An acceptance of Hegel’s philosophy
B. An unfavorable opinion of psychology
C. A criticism of the organized church and science
D. A belief in God