By shifting one’s attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will,
a process Wundt referred to as:
A. perception
B. the law of forward conduction
C. creative synthesis
D. unconscious inference
For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____.
A. learning; performance
B. performance; learning
C. perception; memory
D. memory; perception
Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:
A. mentalistic
B. symbolic constructs
C. constructed independently of any event
D. operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
A. the unconscious mind
B. motivation
C. learning how simple mental elements combined into complex thoughts
D. reflexive behavior
On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only
seems as if they do, This is called:
A. psychophysical parallelism
B. epiphenomenalism
C. interactionism
D. occasionalism
Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior:
A. hedonism
B. the categorical imperative
C. utilitarianism
D. formal discipline
The central concept on Wundt’s voluntarism was:
A. association
B. involuntary behavior
C. will
D. apperceptive mass
____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.
a. Naive realism
b. Irrationalism
c. Mechanism
d. Vitalism
Who is credited as the first to discover the processes of sublimation, repression, and
resistance?
A. Herbart
B. Leibniz
C. Schopenhauer
D. Freud
Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be
employed.
A. introspection and self-analysis
B. the natural sciences
C. mathematics and logic
D. Scholasticism
According to Anaximander, the physis was something that:
A. was too complex to explain life
B. was incapable of deriving into anything
C. had a finite number of possibilities
D. had the capability of becoming anything
For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental
experience as it occurs to the nave observer.
A. operant behavior
B. S-R associations
C. mental elements
D. phenomenological experience
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world
is called:
a. epiphenomenalism
b. naive realism
c. irrationalism
d. preestablished harmony
Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.
A. learning
B. psychoanalytical
C. cognitive
D. evolutionary
Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist:
A. go against the core beliefs of empiricism
B. know only the physical world
C. are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence
D. denigrate this great gift given to man by God
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
A. She developed the paired-associate technique.
B. She rejected the idea that women should place their careers before marriage and
family.
C. She received little recognition during her lifetime.
D. She earned doctorate degrees from Harvard, Radcliffe, and Wellesley.
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
A. Binet
B. Simon
C. Terman
D. Stern
Goddard’s study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
A. the government must provide for the less fortunate
B. intelligence level is determined mainly by experience
C. intelligence is largely inherited
D. intellectual disability can be overcome by special education
Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?
A. St. Augustine
B. St. Anselm
C. Lombard
D. Abelard
Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.
A. confirmation
B. belief
C. performance
D. willpower
In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept?
A. Thorndike’s law of effect
B. Pavlov’s concept of the cortical mosaic
C. the associative principles of contiguity and frequency
D. Thorndike’s concept of a ‘satisfying state of affairs”
Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined
to form the field of :
A. information processing psychology
B. biocognitive science
C. artificial intelligence (AI)
D. analytical connectionism
Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit
three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited
emotions?
A. love
B. joy
C. happiness
D. hate
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:
a. prediction
b. hindsight bias
c. postdiction
d. falsifiability
The idea of mass action:
A. maintains that biological preparedness facilitates learning
B. characterizes the localized functions of the cortex as a switchboard
C. supports the concept of the engram
D. states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the
cortex
The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.
A. arriving at one’s beliefs very carefully
B. believing only in ideas held by the majority of people
C. following one’s own natural impulses
D. not believing in anything
The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and
accounts for most human behavior.
A. reflex action
B. primary process
C. libido
D. eros
According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending.
A. mind
B. empirical ego
C. apperceptive mass
D. transcendental ego
Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic
psychology?
A. Humans are victims of circumstance and are not fully responsible for their actions.
B. Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.
C. Studying nonhuman animals provides a glimpse into the primal self.
D. Humans are basically good and live in peace and harmony unless forced to do
otherwise.
Herbart’s concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the
theory of ____.
A. Fechner
B. Freud
C. Watson
D. Titchener
Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with
experimental evidence.
A. Kant
B. Hering
C. Young
D. Weber
Which of the following is true of Averros’ philosophy?
A. It was basically Aristotelian.
B. It was basically Platonistic.
C. It denied the existence of a soul.
D. It was supported by many Christians.
Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological
mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and
psychologists.
A. associationism
B. behaviorism
C. functionalism
D. structuralism