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The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with
the education leading to which of the following degrees?
A. Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)
B. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD)
C. Master of Arts degree (MA)
D. Master of Science degree (MS)
According to Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge, all knowledge is:
A. personal opinion
B. innate
C. derived from sensory experience
D. culturally determined
When psychologists began performing psychotherapy following World War II, they
came into competition with:
A. psychiatrists
B. religious leaders
C. applied psychologists
D. social workers
Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?
A. He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.
B. He discovered the process of hypnosis, as it is known today.
C. He discovered the genetic link to Huntington's disease.
D. He identified the symptoms of schizophrenia.
What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
A. There are many localized cortical functions.
B. Protrusions of the skull do not correlate well with brain structure.
C. The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole.
D. There are vast individual differences among human brains.
What did Watson and Lashley study collaboratively?
A. migration of terns
B. conditioned fear
C. human intelligence
D. mental illness
Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be
characterized by which of the following?
A. autonomy
B. self-actualization
C. conditions of worth
D. empathic understanding
According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. romanticism
D. associationism
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
A. Humans possess rational powers that make them qualitatively different from other
animals.
B. The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
C. Only humans have evolved long enough to have lost their aggressive instincts.
D. Nothing significant can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals.
Kant and Helmholtz agreed that:
A. the faculties of the mind are innate
B. the perceiver transforms what the senses provide
C. perception is explained by unconscious inference
D. nativism provides a better explanation of perception than does empiricism
Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is
labeled:
A. religious
B. empirical
C. teleological
D. nativistic
According to Spinoza, behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are conducive to survival,
but behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are not.
A. clear thinking; emotion
B. reason; clear thinking
C. faith; reason
D. reason; passion
Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to
seek the opposite type of experience.
A. contrasts
B. the development of opposites
C. creative resultants
D. the heterogony of ends
If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is
again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of
the conditioned response is called:
A. experimental neurosis
B. secondary extinction
C. spontaneous recovery
D. disinhibition
According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the
resulting impulse reaches the brain.
A. perception
B. unconscious inference
C. sensation
D. complex idea
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled
behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
A. Thorndike
B. the comparative psychologists Romanes and Morgan
C. the Gestalt psychologists
D. contemporary cognitive psychologists
Who, of the following, most opposed applied psychology?
A. Wundt and Witmer
B. Cattell and Witmer
C. Wundt and Titchener
D. Cattell and Titchener
Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called:
a. anomalies
b. paradigms
c. anachronisms
d. revolutions
In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the
American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:
A. Psychonomic Society
B. American Psychological Society (APS)
C. California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
D. Institute of Academic Psychologists
The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called:
A. natural law
B. sympathetic magic
C. trepanation
D. the supernatural model of mental illness
The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:
A. rationalism
B. logical positivism
C. physicalism
D. radical environmentalism
What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?
A. Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change.
B. A trait must be adaptive in the present environment because it was adaptive in past
environments.
C. A trait that evolved for a specific purpose in the past typically retains its native
function.
D. Traits that are passed down from generation to generation do not always support
survival of the species.
The two cultures described by C. P. Snow consisted of:
A. tender-minded and tough-minded philosophers
B. literary intellectuals and scientists
C. scientifically oriented and humanistically oriented psychologists
D. medically minded and scientifically minded scholars
What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
A. ideas
B. impressions
C. passions
D. instincts
Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis")
respectable within the medical community?
A. Mesmer
B. Esdaile
C. Braid
D. Elliotson
To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:
A. the direct examination of nature
B. a careful study of the Bible
C. the dialectic method
D. the acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy
In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the
A. unconditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditioned response
Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?
A. People need rules and regulations by which to live their lives.
B. Anything natural is good.
C. Courage in the face of adversity is the highest virtue.
D. The only things worth living for are patriotism, sacrifices for others, and devotion to
a common cause.
Mnsterberg died in relative obscurity because:
A. other researchers were unable to replicate the results of his research
B. his attempt to import German psychology into the United States had failed
C. he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had
strong, negative feelings toward Germany
D. of his emphasis on pure instead of applied psychology
Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical
disorders was:
A. burning at the stake
B. bloodletting
C. praying
D. fresh air and a balanced diet
The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:
A. animal research
B. introspection
C. anthropomorphizing
D. anthropocentrism
Rousseau believed that education should:
A. stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses
B. strengthen the mental faculties
C. provide the child with time-tested, culturally relevant information
D. emphasize the basic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic
For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?
A. Catholicism did not follow the teachings of St. Aquinas closely enough.
B. Catholicism did not have enough formal rituals.
C. Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy.
D. Catholicism placed too much emphasis on the New Testament.
