For Skinner, the environment is important because it:
A. elicits behavior
B. selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies
C. provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies
D. allows the organism to develop a cognitive map
What term did Herbart use to describe the force that holds ideas incompatible with the
apperceptive mass in the unconscious?
A. limen
B. apperceptive mass
C. repression
D. psychic mechanics
According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be:
A. viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts
B. discarded during the therapeutic process
C. taken at face value without needing to know what they symbolized
D. analyzed quite simply even by individuals with minimal professional training
According to Miller, the magical number for humans’ capacity to process information
is:
A. five +/- two
B. seven +/- two
C. nine +/- two
D. eleven +/- two
According to Spencer, the best government is one that:
A. protects the weak
B. protects people from their own animal instincts
C. allows free competition among all its citizens
D. is elected by a majority of reasonable people
When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response,
the reaction is called:
A. a conditioned response
B. spontaneous
C. generalization
D. genetically determined
By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate
lunch, Watson and Jones:
A. made use of procedures which would later be known as shock therapy
B. eliminated Peter’s fear of the rabbit but not his fear of related objects
C. inspired the famous story of “Peter and the Rabbit”
D. eliminated Peter’s fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through
what would later be known as behavior therapy
Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?
A. explicit learned behavior
B. moral behavior
C. social behavior
D. cognitive behavior
According to the author of your text, the “Burt scandal” taught us more about ____ than
about ____.
A. the nature of intelligence; the politics of science
B. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence
C. rationalism; empiricism
D. ‘s”; “g”
Hull’s theory can be seen as an elaboration of the “O” in ____ S-O-R conception of
psychology.
A. Watson’s
B. Pavlov’s
C. James’s
D. Woodworth’s
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:
A. humans to seek a union with God
B. human rationality
C. an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction
D. a feeling of kinship between humans and nonhuman animals
For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces
behavior and response.
A. encoding; output
B. input; processing
C. storage; retrieval
D. input; output
For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was
determined by ____.
A. the condition of the brain; the condition of the four humors of the body
B. the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain
C. homeopathic magic; contagious magic
D. contagious magic; homeopathic magic
We respond to objects as if they were the same, although the actual stimulation our
senses receive may vary widely. What did Gestaltists call this?
A. unconscious inference
B. the constancy hypothesis
C. the law of Prgnanz
D. perceptual constancy
Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:
A. psychologist
B. philosopher
C. theologian
D. priest
According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:
A. inherited dispositions (biology) only
B. culture only
C. both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture
D. neither inherited dispositions (biology) nor culture
An ____ character tends to be generous, messy, or wasteful, while an ____ character
tends to be stingy, orderly, and perhaps perfectionistic.
A. oral-incorporative; oral-sadistic
B. oral-sadistic; oral-incorporative
C. anal-expulsive; anal-retentive
D. anal-retentive; anal-expulsive
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
a. intuition and rationalism
b. rationalism and empiricism
c. introspection and controlled observation
d. empiricism and faith
Which of the following is true of the relationship between Darwin’s work and the work
of his contemporaries?
A. Wallace’s work on evolution was largely plagiarized from Darwin’s work.
B. Malthus’s ideas about competition for limited resources was elaborated on by
Darwin.
C. FitzRoy was an outspoken defender of Darwin’s work.
D. Lamarck adamantly believed that species did not and could not change over time.
According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms,
which he called:
A. God particles
B. idunits
C. monads
D. primary qualities
According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following?
A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not
recognize their ability to choose.
B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical
principles established by others.
C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with
God.
D. People assume that God is dead.
Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true?
A. Genetic influences can typically be ignored in the analysis of behavior.
B. All responses made by organisms are equally modifiable.
C. Logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research.
D. Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events.
Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because:
A. women are physically inferior to men
B. of penis envy
C. women are culturally inferior to men
D. anatomy is destiny
According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social
behavior.
A. schema
B. instinctual drift
C. biogrammar
D. engram
What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?
A. free association
B. bringing previously repressed traumatic memories into consciousness
C. anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
D. hypnosis
Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire
that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.
A. transference
B. cathexis
C. wish fulfillment
D. anticathexis
Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.
A. the mind
B. the consciousness
C. general impression
D. the apperceptive mass
Kant believed that the categories of thought are:
A. relatively unimportant
B. derived from experience
C. innate
D. present everywhere in nature
Which of the following best describes Vaihinger’s attitude toward “fictions”?
A. They are acceptable in religion but not in science.
B. They are the greatest cause of human distress.
C. Without them, societal living would be impossible.
D. They represent a distorted reality created by sensations.
Who were among the first to accept Copernicus’s heliocentric theory?
A. The Scholastics
B. The mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy
C. The Renaissance humanists
D. Those embracing nonmathematical Aristotelian philosophy
Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that:
A. only matter existed
B. only consciousness existed
C. consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter
D. bodily and mental events were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact
Cybernetics:
A. is the study of methodological motivational systems in humans
B. is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
C. suggests that self-feedback is not possible for mechanical systems
D. suggests that the study of goal-directed behavior must be subjective
According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable:
A. overcompensation
B. creativity
C. social interest
D. compensation
According to Avicenna, the active intellect was:
A. the mechanism by which humans enter into a relationship with God
B. essentially as Aristotle had described it
C. less important than common sense
D. nonexistent
Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?
A. Hegel
B. Goethe
C. Rousseau
D. Kierkegaard