“Nothing-butism” is the claim that behavior is:
A. caused solely by biological factors
B. caused solely by environmental factors
C. caused only by biological factors or that it is caused only by environmental factors.
D. caused by both biological and environmental factors in varying degrees
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
A. rationality
B. irrationality
C. controlled passion
D. the love of God
The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that:
A. sunflower seeds are more powerful reinforcers than bran mash
B. without reinforcement of some type, animals learn practically nothing
C. animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when
there is a incentive to do so
D. different species of animals learn according to different learning principles
The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.
A. the learning process
B. species-specific behavior
C. language
D. cost-benefit analyses
Plato’s analogy of the divided line illustrates:
A. the influences of the soul
B. an existence in the shadows of reality
C. the need for sensory experience
D. a hierarchy of understanding
Translated from its Latin title, what book became the official manual of the Inquisition?
A. The Deception of Demons
B. The Witches’ Hammer
C. Discovery of Witchcraft
D. Philosophy of Madness
According to Wundt’s principle of ____, something almost always occurs during
goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern.
A. the heterogony of ends
B. creative resultants
C. contrasts
D. development of opposites
Wundt’s use of introspection most closely resembled that of:
A. St. Augustine
B. the British empiricists
C. Descartes
D. Helmholtzian physiologists
____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining
rationalism and empiricism.
A. Radical
B. Behavioral
C. Cognitive
D. Logical
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual
decides to:
A. return to nature
B. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
C. live a life based on rational principles
D. seek pleasure and avoid pain
In Locke’s philosophy, the concept of association explains:
A. faulty beliefs
B. moral principles
C. mental phenomena
D. primary and secondary qualities
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
A. dualism has a place in science
B. the cortex functions as a whole unit
C. individual brain areas have specialized functions
D. the brain has regenerative capabilities
Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:
A. God will not deceive us
B. it is always clear and distinct
C. it is compatible with innate ideas
D. it makes common sense to do so
Which label best describes Galileo?
A. realist
B. nominalist
C. agnostic
D. cynic
The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical
treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions
throughout the world.
A. Dix
B. Pinel
C. Tuke
D. Chiarugi
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
A. personal
B. continuous
C. selective
D. functional
Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?
A. Animals bring no genetic predispositions with them to the learning experience.
B. Genetic differences among various species of animals are unimportant.
C. Any response that an animal is capable of making can be conditioned to any stimulus
that the animal can detect.
D. Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal’s
instinctual tendencies.
Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed
by:
A. the law of Prgnanz
B. psychological parallelism
C. the constancy hypothesis
D. the Zeignarnik effect
During the 1920s and 1930s when several schools of thought existed in psychology,
there was:
A. active cooperation among the schools
B. a lack of research activity
C. open hostility among members of the various schools
D. an environment of tolerance but not cooperation
If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the
patient, ____ has occurred.
A. resistance
B. transference
C. countertransference
D. anticathexis
Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology have much in
common.
A. structuralism
B. act psychology
C. behaviorism
D. evolutionary theory
J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is:
A. justified because women are biologically inferior to men
B. justified because it is in accordance with church dogma
C. basically wrong
D. supported by he science of ethology
The goal of Husserl’s pure phenomenology is to:
A. study the mind turned outward
B. catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions
C. verify Brentano’s concept of intentionality
D. explore the meaning of human existence
Masters and his colleagues argue that:
A. institutions with token economies are natural
B. institutions without token economies are natural
C. any natural economy with a currency system is unnatural
D. although token economies are natural, they are ineffective as a means of modifying
behavior
Jung referred to the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality as:
A. self-actualization
B. nirvana
C. a peak experience
D. teleology
Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that
humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological
inheritance.
A. lifestyle
B. social interest
C. creative self
D. overcompensation
Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:
A. Psychological Studies
B. Philosophical Studies
C. Philological Studies
D. Journal of Experimental Psychology
Hobbes’ theory of human motivation was:
A. teleological
B. based on the assumption that innate ideas exist
C. called physical monism
D. hedonistic
Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?
A. Norbert Wiener
B. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
C. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
D. Noam Chomsky
Edward Wilson describes the close relationship between culture and the satisfaction of
biological needs with his:
A. concept of biogrammar
B. leash principle
C. whisper principle
D. concept of nothing butism
Once Aristotle’s ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:
A. less important
B. no longer challengeable
C. completely understood
D. considered supernatural