Lewin’s contention that only facts currently present on one’s life space can influence a
person’s thinking and behavior is called:
A. a psychological fact
B. the principle of contemporaneity
C. the principle of contiguity
D. the Zeigarnik effect
In Charcot’s time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:
A. only women became hysteric
B. it could be cured by hypnosis
C. no organic cause could be found for its symptoms
D. it appeared to be caused by unconscious thought processes
The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of
viewpoints is referred to as:
a. presentism
b. the eclectic approach
c. historicism
d. the Zeitgeist approach
As discussed in the text, there are two types of sympathetic magic. ____ is based on the
principle of similarity, while ____ is based on the principle of contiguity.
A. Contagious; homeopathic
B. Unsympathetic; neosympathetic
C. Homeopathic; contagious
D. Sympathetic; homeopathic
One of McDougall’s major criticisms of Watson’s position is that it:
A. was too subjective
B. relied too heavily on the concept of instinct
C. cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences
D. viewed both human and nonhuman behavior as purposive
Hebb’s rule states that:
A. scientific explanations should always be as parsimonious as possible
B. the knowledge sought by scientists should always have practical value
C. if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases
D. computers can only simulate human cognitive processes, but not duplicate them
The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek
philosophers.
A. faith above reason
B. reason above faith
C. intuition above empirical observation
D. Epicureanism above Stoicism
Galton’s work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean?
A. He was interested in the study of individual differences.
B. His focus was on the commonalities in people.
C. He rejected the study of those he regarded as abnormal.
D. He believed science should serve the needs of society.
The compliant type uses the major adjustment pattern of:
A. overcompensation
B. moving toward people
C. moving against people
D. moving away from people
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
A. spirit
B. atom
C. universal
D. physis
Determining a person’s character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily
structure, posture, and movement, is called:
A. physiognomy
B. the theory of signs
C. unconscious inference
D. vitalism
During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being
____-centered.
A. God; human
B. human; God
C. individual; society
D. culture; society
Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman.
A. intervening variables
B. latent learning
C. latent extinction
D. cognitive map
Historiography is:
a. another term for psychology
b. the study of the proper way to write history
c. the use of photographs in presenting history
d. another term for historicism
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
A. Only people with what we now call autism were able to use mental imagery.
B. The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
C. While children often use mental images extensively, adults rarely do.
D. The ability to use mental images is strongly correlated with intelligence.
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is
really about is its ____ content.
A. manifest; latent
B. latent; manifest
C. primary; secondary
D. pleasurable; reality
Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?
A. Nature and nurture interact to mold personality traits.
B. People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.
C. People have similar personality traits to the extent that they have common
experiences.
D. The heritability of personality traits is close to 0.
Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:
A. sharpen their minds
B. prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
C. punish them for evil deeds that had gone undetected
D. assure that their bodies were as fit as their minds
The Gestaltists viewed the brain as
A. a passive receiver of sensory information
B. a storage center for memory
C. a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information
D. as processing information from the bottom up rather than top down
Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:
A. he did not see how they could apply to the study of humans
B. he was opposed to using animals in research
C. they appeared to be the same as natural reflexes and therefore did not need to be
studied separately
D. of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter
the realm of psychology
Kimble’s data found that:
A. undergraduate psychology students showed a slight inclination toward accepting
humanistic values
B. officers of the divisions of the American Psychological Association showed a strong
inclination toward accepting scientific values
C. humanistic psychologists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific
values
D. psychotherapists showed a strong inclination toward accepting scientific values
What is true of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind?
A. The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
B. The mind arranges ideas into a finite predetermined number of configurations.
C. The mind clarifies innate ideas.
D. The mind creates simple ideas that exist independently of complex ideas.
What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May?
A. They simultaneously proposed the human dilemma
B. They developed theories of self-alienation
C. They were interested in myth and human convention
D. They came up with alternative versions of narrative therapy
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity
____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess.
A. create
B. synthesize
C. transform
D. destroy
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, “Existence precedes
essence”?
A. At the core, humans are like other animals.
B. Humans are created in God’s image.
C. Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
D. Humans exist eternally in a cycle of rewards and consequences.
A phase sequence:
A. is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated
B. can be fired by external, but not internal, stimulation
C. equates to sensory information processing
D. reflects recurring environmental events
According to Husserl, experimental psychology:
A. is impossible
B. the only valid type of psychology
C. must precede a search for the essence of consciousness
D. must be preceded by phenomenological analysis
Who was given the nickname “Cynic,” and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous
life?
A. Antisthenes
B. Gorgias
C. Diogenes
D. Epicurus
During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was true?
A. Astrology was met with great skepticism.
B. Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy.
C. People were classified into three groups: believers, nonbelievers, or questioners.
D. Scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged.
According to Masson, Freud’s major mistake was concluding that:
A. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were real rather than
imagined
B. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were imagined rather then
real
C. childhood experiences had no effect on adult personality
D. the medical model was better able to explain human personality than the
psychological model
Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that
dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for:
A. Zeno of Citium
B. Epicurus
C. Diogenes
D. Plotinus
Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event
and a mental event is doomed to failure?
A. Skinner
B. Hull
C. Locke
D. Gestaltists
With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a
nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):
A. interactionist
B. epiphenomenalist
C. psychophysical parallelist
D. physical monist
What was one effect of World War I on the field of psychology?
A. Many people became disheartened with the study of human behavior.
B. An interest in the philosophical questions regarding human nature was renewed.
C. Psychotherapy became widely available on the battlefield.
D. Psychometric tests were used for the evaluation of soldiers.
The “cures” proposed by the Hippocratics included:
A. fervent prayer and supplication to the Gods
B. drinking fluids specially prepared by the physician
C. rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths
D. putting their essence in connection with the essence of the Gods