James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.
A. the empirical self
B. the self as knower
C. the stream of consciousness
D. self-esteem
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one’s life causes a person to
approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency
but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
A. need for positive regard
B. dictates of society
C. organismic valuing process
D. values of one’s parents
Mller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:
A. solution to the mind-body problem
B. seat of consciousness
C. physiological equivalent of Kant’s categories of thought
D. vibrations that Hartley and Newton had postulated in their analysis of nerve
conduction
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
A. Salivating when a bell is rung
B. Shopping for food in a grocery store
C. Hiding from a stranger as a child
D. Looking up a word in a dictionary
For Mller, adequate stimulation is defined as:
A. stimulation that is above the threshold of awareness
B. the amount of stimulation that is enough to cause an organism to react
C. the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive
D. stimulation that causes any sense receptor to fire with equal ease
Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:
A. has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior
B. has compatible ideas that motivates him/her to change beliefs or behavior
C. is motivated by introspection to change their thinking about something
D. is trying to stop engaging in behavior that is destructive
Who, in 1917, founded the Journal of Applied Psychology?
A. William James
B. G. Stanley Hall
C. Lightner Witmer
D. Robert Yerkes
Wundt’s concept of mental chronometry is:
A. the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
B. the addition of sensations into one perception
C. the time it takes to apperceive an object
D. an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, “delicate threads” are
pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.
A. electrical activity
B. animal spirits
C. chemicals
D. eidola
Which students of Wundt were most interested in individual differences and applied
psychology in the U.S.?
A. Spearman, Witmer, and Stanley
B. Cattell, Titchener, and Hall
C. Cattell, Hall, and Witmer
D. Titchener, Spearman, and Stanley
Aristotle’s emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.
A. faith
B. the supernatural
C. reason
D. Plato’s philosophy
The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that
anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:
A. scientific psychology
B. philosophical psychology
C. common sense
D. animal research
James argued that philosophers could be divided into two general groups: ____ and
____.
A. rationalists; pragmatists
B. focused; eclectic
C. humanists; behaviorists
D. tender-minded; tough-minded
What was an important discovery of David Ferrier?
A. He stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements were elicited from the
opposite side of the body.
B. He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex.
C. He mapped cortical regions to the senses.
D. He performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits.
According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the:
A. idols of the cave
B. idols of the tribe
C. idols of the marketplace
D. idols of the theater
Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and
rationalists?
A. Empiricists used induction via a”bottom-up” approach; rationalists used deduction
via a “top-down” approach
B. Empiricists used induction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used deduction
via a “bottom-up” approach
C. Empiricists used deduction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used induction
via a “top-down” approach
D. Empiricists used deduction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used induction
via a “bottom-up” approach
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:
A. explain behavior as opposed to consciousness
B. understand animal consciousness
C. confirm many of the observations made by Romanes
D. demonstrate that nonhuman animals are as intelligent as humans
Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve?
A. approach-approach
B. avoidance-avoidance
C. approach-avoidance
D. double approach-approach
Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning
were not plausible by showing that:
A. very young children experience apparent movement
B. the phi phenomenon occurs in two directions at the same time
C. primitive humans who have never experienced real movement still experience
apparent movement
D. even nonhuman animals experience apparent movement
In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a
retreat from society.
A. cynicism; skepticism
B. skepticism; cynicism
C. epicureans; stoics
D. stoics; epicureans
Giordano Bruno would most likely agree with which statement?
A. “The earth is the center of the universe.”
B. “The sun is divine.”
C. “Science upholds the heliocentric theory.”
D. “Man is the sole life force in the universe.”
According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:
A. allows many specific S-R associations to be formed
B. allows insight to be gained
C. allows a cognitive map to be formed
D. strengthens the responses that lead to drive reduction
For the ____, courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue.
A. Neoplatonist
B. Epicurean
C. Stoic
D. Cynic
Clinicians began to create their own professional organizations when they did not
receive recognition and status within the APA. What was the first organization of this
type?
A. American Psychological Society
B. American Association of Clinical Psychologists
C. American Association of Applied Psychology
D. Psychonomic Society
According to Kelly, people are similar when they:
A. construe the world in similar ways
B. have had common experiences
C. are raised in the same family
D. are from the same culture
When Wissler evaluated Cattell’s measures of intelligence he found that they:
A. were very highly correlated with each other
B. were far more useful with men than women
C. predicted success in college with considerable accuracy
D. were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college
success
The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:
A. diversity of the field
B. experimental focus of the field
C. consensus in the field
D. need to go back to the purely scientific nature of the field
Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:
A. not to do so is a sin
B. it is so enjoyable
C. they fear death
D. that is what they have been taught to do
What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the
17th and 18th century?
A. astronomy
B. physiology
C. physics
D. mathematics
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage
of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
A. thesis
B. antithesis
C. synthesis
D. Absolute