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Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to
their:
A. logical consistency
B. consequences
C. moral implications
D. compatibility with societal and cultural norms
According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its
failure to:
A. study mental disorders
B. seek pure rather than practical knowledge
C. generalize findings
D. assimilate the doctrine of evolution
Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God:
A. can be proven by studying nature
B. can be proven by logic
C. has to be taken on faith
D. is of no consequence to his philosophy
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a
middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
A. behaviorist
B. psychoanalyst
C. structuralist
D. eclectic
Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire
for predictability and orderliness.
A. Apollonian
B. Dionysian
C. existential
D. romantic
Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.
A. vast material wealth
B. hedonism
C. a union with God
D. liberty
A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that
are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred
to as:
A. back-propagation
B. Hebb's rule
C. drive reduction
D. good old fashion artificial intelligence (GOFAI)
According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:
A. gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others
B. does not accept traditional values
C. refuses to affiliate himself or herself with an organized religion
D. lives in accordance with deception and despair
The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the
things we experienced along with it.
A. similarity
B. frequency
C. contrast
D. contiguity
Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
A. God
B. common people
C. philosopher-kings
D. soldiers
Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title,
"Destroyer of Religion"?
A. Antisthenes
B. Gorgias
C. Diogenes
D. Epicurus
For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:
A. solve the mind-body problem
B. predict and control behavior
C. discover the elements of thought
D. prove that human animals and nonhuman animals are essentially the same
The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with:
A. natural law
B. God's will
C. one's own inner nature
D. rationally derived moral principles
Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?
A. All hysteric symptoms are caused by lesions in the brain.
B. Hysteric symptoms occur only in patients who are hypnotized.
C. Because there is no apparent biological basis for hysteria, it cannot be considered a
real disease.
D. Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness
where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.
Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow.
In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus (US)
B. unconditioned response (UR)
C. conditioned stimulus (CS)
D. conditioned response (CR)
According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology?
a. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the
repetition of mistakes
b. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to come to a
consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach
c. To avoid repetition of mistakes, for a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas,
and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach
d. To come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach, to recognize fads, and
to avoid the repetition of mistakes
According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they
were scientific questions because:
A. scientific questions are ultimately philosophical questions
B. they would still violate the principle of falsifiability because of their subjective
nature
C. understanding the human mind has extraordinary methodological limitations
D. scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"
Projecting human attributes onto nature is called:
A. anthropomorphism
B. animism
C. primitivism
D. vitalism
According to the Deist:
A. God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it
B. religious revelation is an important source of information concerning the workings of
the universe
C. the laws governing the universe can never be known because they are based on
God's perceptions
D. God does not exist
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
a. Random facts are gathered.
b. Puzzle-solving activity occurs.
c. Existing paradigms are displaced.
d. Existing paradigms are solidified.
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins
separated at birth must be due to:
A. culture and biological influences
B. genetic influences
C. learning
D. nurture
Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:
A. every individual strives to be all that he or she could be
B. philosophers became kings
C. fewer individuals strive to become supermen
D. materialistic philosophy is accepted
The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only:
A. women
B. men
C. children
D. the mentally ill
Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was
instrumental in the development of:
A. connectionism
B. behavioral genetics
C. engram science
D. sociobiology
The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of
Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was the:
A. Crane Institute
B. Vail Institute
C. California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
D. Boulder Psychological Institute
Which example best illustrates the concept of theory of the mind?
A. Brandon's brain controls his body, and his mind controls his thoughts and emotions.
B. Javier reads a passage in a book, and draws from his past experiences to understand
its meaning.
C. Stephanie understands that she is looking at a flower because of the coordinated
processes of sensation and perception.
D. While walking down the street, Camilla turns the corner to avoid a man with an
angry look on his face.
Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work
of art is appealing. In so doing, he created the field of:
A. psychophysics
B. experimental aesthetics
C. phrenological art
D. art psychology
Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the
acceptance of:
A. Gestalt psychology
B. Pavlov's localization of motor centers in the brain
C. Watson's classical conditioning
D. the search for the engram
In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming
fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry
objects other than the rat is an example of:
A. discrimination
B. disinhibition
C. generalization
D. spontaneous recovery
There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the
following?
A. sensationalism
B. radical behaviorism
C. dualism
D. Gestalt psychology
Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
A. differential threshold
B. absolute threshold
C. just noticeable difference
D. petites perceptions
Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?
A. a hard-wired set of behaviors
B. environmentally controlled behaviors
C. predispositions to act in certain ways
D. complex human social behaviors
The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical
surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking.
Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as:
A. the belief that mental illness is linked with amoral behavior
B. fear of the mentally ill
C. lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill
D. suspicion of the communicability of mental illness
