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A.Describe two ways in which the immunoglobulins acting as antigen receptors on the surface of a mast cell differ from the immunoglobulins acting as the antigen receptors on the surface of a B cell. B.What is the essential difference in […]

With which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact? a.factor D b.C1 c.factor P d.C4 e.C2. Macrophages exhibit all of the following characteristics except _____. a.they trap and degrade pathogens in secondary lymphoid organs b.they deliver co-stimulatory signals […]

What are the roles of the following molecules in the signal transduction pathway leading from the T-cell receptor: (i) the CD3 complex; (ii) protein tyrosine kinase Lck; (iii) CD45; (iv) ZAP-70; (v) the chain; (vi) inositol trisphosphate (IP3); (vii) calcineurin? […]

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a.primary granules: azurophilic granules b.secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin c.azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase d.gelatinase: iron sequestration e.tertiary granules: natural killer cells. A.Explain the mechanism by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters a host cell. B.Explain […]

Human papillomaviruses express proteins that bind to _____ and block its function. (Select all that apply.) a.MIC glycoproteins b.p53 c.CT antigens d.TLR4 e.Rb. In addition to M cells, _____ can capture pathogens directly from the lumen of the gut. a.intraepithelial […]

The circulatory route through a lymphoid tissue for both immature B cells and mature B cells that do not encounter specific antigen is: a.bloodstream HEV of lymphoid cortex primary lymphoid follicle efferent lymphatic vessel b.afferent lymphatic vessel primary lymphoid follicle […]

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively in NK cells? (Select all that apply.) a.TLR3 b.TLR4 c.TLR7 d.TLR8 e.TLR9. Individuals who fail to express functional Bruton’s tyrosine kinase exhibit all of the following characteristics except a.B-cell development is […]

The importance of CD59 (also known as protectin) is to _____. a.promote the speed of complement activation by protecting C3 convertase C3bBb from proteolytic degradation b.prevent the recruitment of C9 c.dissociate the components of the alternative C3 convertase d.prevent the […]

Celiac disease exhibits all of the following symptoms except _____. a.villous atrophy b.anemia c.diarrhea d.tissue ulceration e.malabsorption f.increased susceptibility to intestinal cancer. All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity except _____. a.lactic acid b.normal microbiota […]

All of the following are correctly matched except _____. a.TH1: T-bet b.Treg: FoxP3 c.IL-12: dendritic cells d.TH17: ROR T e.TH2: Bcl6. Which of the following statements regarding positive selection is correct? a.All subsets of developing T cells undergo positive selection […]

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.) a. prednisone: pro-drug b. rapamycin: calcineurin c. azathioprine: cytotoxicity d. methotrexate: NF B e. cyclophosphamide: microbial products. For IgG2 to be effective at stimulating uptake of IgG2-coated bacteria, _____. […]

Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a _____. a.plasma cell b.helper T cell c.monocyte d.natural killer cell e.eosinophil. In a person with lepromatous leprosy, the lesions would contain mRNA for _____. a.lymphotoxin (LT) b.IL-2 c.IL-5 d.IFN- e.granulysin. Answer: […]

All of the following cell-surface glycoproteins are expressed by double-negative thymocytes undergoing maturation in the thymus except _____. (Select all that apply.) a.CD2 b.CD5 c.CD127 (IL-7 receptor) d.CD34 e.CD1A f.CD4. _____ accounts for the production of different isoforms of the […]

Tim Smith, aged 16years, was hit by a car while riding his motorcycle. At the hospital he showed only minor abrasions and no bone fractures. He was discharged later that day. In the morning he experienced severe abdominal pain and […]

Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called _____. a.efferent vessels b.germinal centers c.red pulp zones d.periarterial lymphoid sheaths e.medullary sinuses. IgM is particularly efficient at fixing complement because it _____. […]

All of the following soluble factors enhance isotype switching from IgM to IgA in B cells except _____. a.retinoic acid b.IL-9 c. d.IL-4 e.IL-10 f.B-cell activating factor (BAFF) g.APRIL. Which one of the following features renders all IgG antibodies less […]

The complementarity-determining region (CDR) 1 and CDR2 loops of the T-cell receptor contact the _______: a.side chains of amino acids in the middle of the peptide b.co-receptors CD4 or CD8 c.membrane-proximal domains of the MHC molecule d.constant regions of antibody […]

Which of the following statements is correct? a.The light-chain genes rearrange before the heavy-chain genes. b.The light-chain genes rearrange before the light-chain genes. c.The light-chain genes rearrange before the heavy-chain genes. d.The light-chain genes rearrange before the light-chain genes. e.The […]

Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false? a.Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when needed. b.Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions. c.Neutrophils are phagocytic. d.Neutrophils form pus, which comprises dead neutrophils. e.Dead […]

The haplotype A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 is associated with several common autoimmune diseases including all of the following except _____. a.ankylosing spondylitis b.systemic lupus erythematosus c.autoimmune hepatitis d.myasthenia gravis e.type 1 diabetes f.primary biliary cirrhosis. _____ describes the process by which transplanted pluripotent […]

_____ compensates for the absence of secretory IgA in selective IgA deficiency because it can be secreted by mucosal tissues using the same receptor needed for transcytosis. a.Monomeric IgA b.IgD c.IgE d.IgG e.IgM. Which of the following is mismatched? a.oncology: […]

The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood vessels is called the _____. a.mucosa b.epithelium c.endothelium d.connective tissue e.lymphoid tissue. The combination of all HLA class I and class II allotypes that an individual […]

Which of the following are potential means by which type I allergic reactions can be managed or treated? (Select all that apply.) a.Use antihistamines to block histamine binding to H1 histamine receptors. b.Use corticosteroids to suppress inflammation. c.Desensitize the patient […]

What is the function of the TNF-family cytokine APRIL made by epithelial cells of the colon? a.elevates rate of M-cell proliferation b.degrades IgA1 c.mediates isotype switching from IgM to IgA2 d.binds to J chain of dimeric IgA e.upregulates MAdCAM-1 production. […]

The Ig -associated tyrosine kinase _____ phosphorylates the cytoplasmic tail of CD19, which mediates signal transduction in activated B cells. a.CD81 b.Blk c.Fyn d.Lyn e.Syk. An important way in which effector T cells differ from naive T cells is that […]

Which of the following directly inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway by inhibiting the activity of prostaglandin synthase? a.ADAM10 b.experimental anti-IgE c.aspirin (acetyl salicylate) d.chymotryptase e.ADAM33. All of the following are associated with superantigens except _____. a.effective at minuscule concentrations b.nonspecific activation […]

Charlene Cook, a 38-year-old primigravida, is 35 weeks pregnant. Until recently she has had an uneventful pregnancy. Two weeks ago, her obstetrician noted lower-extremity edema, trace protein in her urine (10-20mg/dl), and normal blood pressure (120/80mmHg). At today’s appointment her […]

All of the following statements refer to regulatory T cells except ____. a.they produce anti-inflammatory cytokines b.they express elevated levels of CD25 c.they express FoxP3 d.they enhance the production of new effector T cells e.they suppress the function of existing […]

A.Explain the difference between the Rotarix and the RotaTeq vaccines used to protect against rotavirus infections. B.Which vaccine provides broader protection? C.Why is this important? Forty-four-year old Danielle Bouvier is on the waiting list for a kidney transplant and is […]

Which of the following are not a component of immunological memory? a.effector B cells b.memory T cells c.memory B cells d.long-lived plasma cells. Which of the following is an effect of both tacrolimus and corticosteroids? a. reduced T-cell proliferation b. […]

When deficient, which of the following proteins does not render the individual more susceptible to encapsulated bacteria? a.C1INH b.C3 c.Bruton’s tyrosine kinase d.factor D e.factor I f.CD40 ligand. With the exception of B cells, all other cells of the body […]

Which of the following genetic polymorphisms is associated with a predisposition to asthma? (Select all that apply.) a.promoter variants of IL-5 b.structural variant of IgG receptor c.HLA class II allotypes d. adrenergic receptor variant e.ACOX5 (5-lipoxygenase). Which of the following […]

Dominant mutant forms of exhibit all of the following in heterozygotes except _____. a.they are recycled by endocytosis more quickly than the normal receptor b.the cytoplasmic tail is truncated c.they are able to form stable dimers with the normal form […]

C-reactive protein binds to _____. a.phosphorylcholine b.mannose-containing carbohydrates c.lipoteichoic acid d.flagellin e.MASP-1/MASP-2. All of the following processes occur in mature B cells after antigen encounter except a.alternative splicing b.affinity maturation c.proliferation d.somatic recombination e.isotype switching. Answer: d Answer: a Plasma […]

The significance of MAdCAM-1 on the endothelium of blood vessels is that it binds to _____. a.the integrin on effector lymphocytes homing to mucosal tissues b.B cells destined to become intraepithelial lymphocytes c.dendritic cells, and causes the upregulation of antigen […]

When comparing the T-cell receptor -chain locus with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus, all of the following are correct except a.the T-cell receptor locus differs because it has embedded within its sequence another locus that encodes a different type of T-cell […]

All of the following are oligomorphic except a.HLA-G chain b.HLA-DO chain c.HLA-DQ chain d.HLA-A chain e.HLA-DR chain. Immunological tolerance in the B-cell repertoire is called _______ tolerance when it develops in primary lymphoid organs, and _______ tolerance when it is […]

Mutations affecting all of the following except _____ interfere directly with the rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. a.Artemis b.purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) c.DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) d.RAG-1 e.RAG-2. Allelic exclusion occurs for all of the following except a.T-cell […]