Which of the following are potential means by which type I allergic reactions can be
managed or treated? (Select all that apply.)
a.Use antihistamines to block histamine binding to H1 histamine receptors.
b.Use corticosteroids to suppress inflammation.
c.Desensitize the patient by feeding them allergen and skewing the immune response from
an IgE to an IgA response.
d.Anergize allergen-specific T cells through vaccination with allergen-derived peptides.
e.Administer Il-4, IL-5, or IL-1² to promote responses.
f.Block high-affinity IgE receptors to prevent mast-cell degranulation.
Explain briefly how immunological memory operates in (A) the short term and (B) the
long term.
The immunological consequence of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
caused by a genetic defect in either RAG-1 or RAG-2 genes is
a.lack of somatic recombination in T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene loci
b.lack of somatic recombination in T-cell receptor loci
c.lack of somatic recombination in immunoglobulin loci
d.lack of somatic hypermutation in T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin loci
e.lack of somatic hypermutation in T-cell receptor loci.
Toll-like receptors are located _____.
a.only on the plasma membrane
b.on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
c.on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes
d.only in the cytoplasm
e.inside inflammasomes.
Which of the following enzymes facilitates the process of affinity maturation?
a.DNA ligase
b.V(D)J recombinase
c.terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
d.activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
e.exonuclease.
Identify the mismatched pair:
a.CD94:NKG2A; ITIM
b.NKG2D; MIC proteins
c.SHP-1; Vav1
d.2B4; IgG
e.HLA-E; leader-sequence peptide.
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a.innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
b.secondary immune response: immunological memory
c.hematopoiesis: bone marrow
d.phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes
e.lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph.
Which of the following is not a transcription factor, a component of a transcription factor,
or an activator of transcription?
a.Fos
b.AP-1
c.NF B
d.NFAT
e.JAKs
f.FoxP3
g.GATA-3
h.T-bet
i.STATs
j.Jun
k.Bcl6
l.ROR T
The chain of the Fc RI receptor is closely related to the _____, which contains _____.
a.FcRn; MHC class I-like structure
b. chain of the T-cell receptor complex; ITAM motifs
c. chain of the Fc RIII receptor; ITIM motifs
d. chain of the Fc RI receptor; ITIM motifs
e. chain of the Fc RI receptor; ITIM motifs.
A.What are the two main classes of gene that, if not expressed correctly, can lead to
malignant transformation?
B.What are the gene products made by each class?
Which of the following removes CLIP from MHC class II molecules?
a.HLA-DM
b.HLA-DO
c.HLA-DP
d.HLA-DQ
e.HLA-DR.
Which statement regarding retrovirus proviruses is false?
a.Proviruses form immediately after the RNA genome assembles with viral proteins and
infectious virions are produced.
b.Proviruses consist of double-stranded DNA.
c.Proviruses are flanked by repetitive sequences called long terminal repeats (LTRs).
d.The host cell must provide the transcriptional and translational machinery in order for
RNA and protein products to be made from proviruses.
e.A cDNA intermediate is required in order to produce a provirus.
_____ binds to MIC-A and MIC-B, which are synthesized in response to infection in gut
epithelium. (Select all that apply.)
a.MHC class I
b.NKG2D
c.Vγ:Vδ1
d.fibroblast growth factor
e.CD1.
Which of the following statements regarding T-cell receptor recognition of antigen is
correct?
a. T-cell receptors recognize antigen only as a peptide bound to an MHC molecule.
b. T-cell receptors recognize antigens in their native form.
c. T-cell receptors, like B-cell immunoglobulins, can recognize carbohydrate, lipid, and
protein antigens. a
d.Antigen processing occurs in extracellular spaces.
e.Like T cells, T cells are also restricted to the recognition of antigens presented by
MHC molecules.
_____ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs.
a.Plasma cells
b.Dendritic cells
c.Large granular lymphocytes
d.Mast cells
e.Basophils.
Which of the following is not associated with the reactivation of herpesviruses?
a.hormonal fluctuations
b.antibody deficiency
c.bacterial infection
d.immunosuppression
e.ultraviolet radiation.
All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except _____.
a.Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses.
b.In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-surface changes
that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells.
c.Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also respond to them.
d.The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol.
e.Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions.
f.Type I interferons promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells.
Which of the following statements regarding leprosy is false?
a.It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.
b.Disease progression is influenced depending on whether the immune response is
polarized toward either a TH1 or TH2 response.
c.The tuberculoid form of leprosy is associated with localized inflammation and
granuloma formation.
d.In lepromatous leprosy, the patient makes a TH2 response that clears the mycobacteria
from the body.
e.The less severe form of leprosy presents with high levels of IL-2 and IFN- produced by
responding T cells.
A-Describe in chronological order the steps of the antigen-processing and
antigen-presentation pathways for intracellular, cytosolic pathogens.
B-(i) What would be the outcome if a mutant MHC class I chain could not associate
with ²2-microglobulin, and (ii) what would happen if the TAP transporter were lacking as a
result of mutation? Explain your answers.
What is NF\kappaB and what is its role in mediating signals through TLRs?
A-What is the difference between MHC variation due to multigene families and that due to
allelic polymorphism?
B-How does MHC variation due to multigene families and allelic polymorphism influence
the antigens that a person’s T cells can recognize?
Identify the three functions of the invariant chain.
Match the term in column A with its description in column B.
Match the molecule in column A with its appropriate ligand in column B. (Answers may
be used more than once.)