Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a.primary granules: azurophilic granules
b.secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin
c.azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase
d.gelatinase: iron sequestration
e.tertiary granules: natural killer cells.
A.Explain the mechanism by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters a host
cell.
B.Explain the cellular tropism of HIV, discussing the difference between
macrophage-tropic and lymphocyte-tropic HIV.
C.Some people seem to be resistant to HIV infection because a primary infection cannot be
established in macrophages. What is the reason for this?
Which of the following is not a term used to describe the molecules or components of
molecules to which antibodies bind? (Select all that apply.)
a.CDR loops
b.antigen
c.hypervariable region
d.antigenic determinant
e.conformational epitope.
During cytokine signaling, _____ translocate(s) to the nucleus and direct(s) the
upregulation of gene expression.
a.perforin
b.STATs
c.CD40 ligand
d.TGF-
e.CXCL2.
Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)
a.exocrine tissue: islets of Langerhans
b.type 2 diabetes: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
c. cells of pancreas: insulin production
d. cells of pancreas: somatostatin production
e.insulitis: lymphocyte infiltration in islets of Langerhans.
Of the following Toll-like receptors, which is the most highly conserved and displays the
smallest amount of allelic polymorphism?
a.TLR1
b.TLR8
c.TLR10
d.TLR6
e.TLR4.
Individuals with a defective autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) exhibit
a.DiGeorge syndrome
b.autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
c.severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
d.MHC class I deficiency
e.MHC class II deficiency.
Explain how the immune mechanisms for the detection of cancer cells are (A) similar to
and (B) different from those that detect virus-infected cells.
The highest degree of diversity resulting from somatic recombination is concentrated
____________ of the VH and VL domains, whereas the point mutations caused by somatic
hypermutation are found ____________.
a.in CDR3; throughout the V region
b.in CDR3; in CDR1 and CDR2 of VH and VL domains
c.in CDR1 and CDR2; in CDR3
d.in CDR1 and CDR2; throughout the V region
e.in all three CDRs; in C regions.
A primary focus of clonal expansion is best described as _____.
a.the location in the B-cell zone where conjugate pairs of B and T cells undergo cellular
proliferation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation
b.the location in the medullary cords where conjugate pairs of B cells and T cells undergo
cellular proliferation and IgM is secreted
c.the dark zone of the germinal center where centroblasts divide and pack closely together
d.the initial wave of B-cell proliferation induced by T-independent antigens.
In domestic dogs and Tasmanian devils, successful passage and growth of tumors through
copulation and biting, respectively, are attributed to _____.
a.absence of quiescent cancer stem cells in the tumor
b.limited MHC diversity between animals
c.repression of tumor-specific antigen expression
d.repression of tumor-associated antigen expression
e.lack of regulatory T cells.
A newly identified antigen protein of Neisseria meningitidis called fHbp increases
virulence by _____.
a.interfering with the alternative pathway of complement activation
b.binding to host-derived heparin
c.increasing the adhesiveness of the bacterium
d.inhibiting phagocytosis
e.inducing inflammation.
The B-cell co-receptor is composed of
a.Ig ; Ig ; CD19
b.Ig ; Ig ; Lyn tyrosine kinase
c.CR2 (CD21); CD19; CD81
d.CD14; CD19; CD81
e.CD40; MHC class II; CED19.
_____ are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between
various types of human cell.
a.Interferons
b.Integrins
c.GTP-binding proteins
d.Pyrogens
e.Pentraxins.
All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune responses except
_____.
a.Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to
completely eradicate an infection.
b.Secondary immune responses are restricted to adaptive immune responses.
c.Memory cells are activated rapidly during secondary immune responses.
d.Secondary immune responses are orders of magnitude greater than primary immune
responses.
e.During a secondary immune response to a booster vaccine, it is possible to experience a
primary immune response to an unrelated vaccine component encountered for the first
time.
The process of gene rearrangement in immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes is called
a.somatic hypermutation
b.isotype switching
c.somatic recombination
d.apoptosis
e.clonal selection.