What is the function of the TNF-family cytokine APRIL made by epithelial cells of the
colon?
a.elevates rate of M-cell proliferation
b.degrades IgA1
c.mediates isotype switching from IgM to IgA2
d.binds to J chain of dimeric IgA
e.upregulates MAdCAM-1 production.
Naive B cells search for specific antigen displayed by follicular dendritic cells in primary
follicles. Naive T cells, however, search for specific antigen presented by ______.
a.dendritic cells
b.subcapsular sinus macrophages
c.medullary sinus macrophages
d.centrocytes
e.tingible body macrophages.
Large pre-B cells are characterized by which of the following?
a.They do not express CD19 at the cell surface.
b.Rearrangement of light-chain genes commences.
c.Nonproductive rearrangement of both heavy-chain loci has already occurred.
d.Allelic exclusion of the immunoglobulin light-chain loci has already occurred.
e. is assembled with VpreB 5.
When producing monoclonal antibodies, why is it important to use as a fusion partner a
myeloma cell that is unable to produce its own immunoglobulin?
a.to ensure that allelic exclusion of chain occurs normally
b.to ensure that the antibodies are homogeneous and able to make strong bivalent
attachments to multivalent antigens
c.to ensure that the monoclonal antibodies are not autoreactive
d.to provide a greater opportunity for making a successful rearrangement at the light-chain
locus
e.to ensure that antibodies are secreted and not membrane-bound.
_____ is/are commonly associated with the fusion between the BCR gene and the ABL
proto-oncogene.
a.Non-small cell lung carcinoma
b.Bladder tumors
c.Melanoma
d.Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
e.Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
The efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immunological memory
improve each time a particular pathogen is encountered because _____.
a.of protective immunity
b.effector memory T cells outnumber central memory T cells
c.the half-life of antibodies made in secondary and tertiary immune responses exceeds that
of antibodies made in primary immune responses.
d.of affinity maturation.
A deficiency in _____ causes a condition that closely resembles X-linked severe combined
immunodeficiency and is characterized by inefficient cytokine signaling.
a.adenosine deaminase (ADA)
b.class II transactivator (CIITA)
c.TAP1 or TAP2
d.RAG1 or RAG2
e.Janus 3 kinase (Jak3)
f.SH2D1A.
_____ released by cells promotes an elevated level of eosinophils in the
circulation.
a.IL-4
b.IL-13
c.TNF
d.
e.IL-5.
Unlike naive lymphocytes, memory lymphocytes _____.
a.do not recirculate between the blood and secondary lymphoid organs
b.do not require the receipt of survival signals through their antigen receptors in order to
persist
c.are immortal and continue to divide throughout the lifetime of an individual
d.secrete antibody continuously, although at a much lower rate than plasma cells
e.do not express CD27.
The term _____ is used to describe polymorphic antigens that vary between individuals of
the same species.
a.xenoantigens
b.immunoantigens
c.alloantigens
d.histoantigens
e.autoantigens.
Identify the incorrectly paired molecular association.
a.iC3: factor B
b.CR4: iC3b
c.properdin: C3bBb
d.membrane cofactor protein: C3b2Bb
e.decay-accelerating factor: C3bBb.
All of the following are part of Waldeyer’s ring except _____.
a.appendix
b.palatine tonsils
c.lingual tonsils
d.adenoids.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of MR1?
a.MHC class-I-like molecule
b.binding site is populated with large basic and aromatic amino acid residues
c.associated with -microglobulin
d.highly polymorphic in mammals
e.encoded on chromosome 1
f.binds to metabolites of riboflavin.
An adjuvant enhances the effectiveness of vaccines by inducing the expression of _____
on ________.
a. co-stimulatory molecules; dendritic cells
b. CD28; macrophages
c. MHC class II molecules; T cells
d. T-cell receptor; T cells
e. immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs; dendritic cells.
Which of the following is not a ligand for T cells?
a.peptide antigens
b.lipid antigen
c.sulfatides
d.heterocyclic organic molecules.
Which of the following is not associated with bacterial infection due to a genetic defect in
or pathogen-induced subversion of normal phagocytic processes?
a.leukocyte adhesion deficiency
b.chronic granulomatous disease
c.hereditary angioedema
d.Chediak-Higashi syndrome
e.Listeria monocytogenes
f.Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
All of the following are ways in which plasma cells differ from memory cells except
_____.
a.plasma cells lack surface immunoglobulin
b.cellular morphology
c.plasma cells are CD27-negative
d.plasma cells have undergone isotype switching
e.plasma cells are short-lived.
Match the mast cell product in column A with its biological effect in column B.
Match the answer on the right that best describes the function on the left. More than one
answer may be correct.
Unlike innate immune responses, which can begin within hours of the onset of an
infection, adaptive immune responses involving T cells usually take several days. What
accounts for this delay between the initiation of an infection and the engagement of an
adaptive immune response?
A-What is the role of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg)?
B-How can Treg be distinguished from other non-regulatory CD4 T cells?
Why is determining the genome sequences of human pathogens important in the
development of new and more effective vaccines?
Explain why the incidence of cancer is higher in the elderly than in young people.
Match the term in column A with its description in column B.
Give three ways in which a susceptible person can help to minimize the risk of having an
allergic reaction.
Hashimoto’s and Graves’ diseases both impair normal functioning of the thyroid gland but
do so using different immunopathological mechanisms. Compare and contrast these
mechanisms.