Tim Smith, aged 16years, was hit by a car while riding his motorcycle. At the hospital he
showed only minor abrasions and no bone fractures. He was discharged later that day. In
the morning he experienced severe abdominal pain and returned to the hospital.
Examination revealed tachycardia, low blood pressure, and a weak pulse. He received a
blood transfusion without improvement. Laparoscopic surgery confirmed peritoneal
hemorrhage due to a ruptured spleen. In addition to a splenectomy, which of the following
treatments would be administered?
a.plasmapheresis to remove autoantibodies (antibodies generated against self constituents)
b.regular intravenous injections of gamma globulin
c.vaccination and regular boosters with capsular polysaccharides from pathogenic
pneumococcal strains
d.booster immunization with DTP (diphtheria toxoid, killed Bordetella pertussis, and
tetanus toxoid)
e.regular blood transfusions
Which of the following is associated with antagonistic autoantibodies against cell-surface
receptors or adhesion molecules? (Select all that apply.)
a.myasthenia gravis
b.rheumatoid arthritis
c.insulin-resistant diabetes
d.Graves€ disease
e.pemphigus vulgaris.
A.Identify three general classes of drug that are used to suppress acute transplant rejection,
and provide examples of each class.
B.What side-effects and toxic effects are associated with each class of drug?
_____ is a cytokine produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the
proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells.
a.IL-15
b.IL-1\beta
c.CXCL8
d.TNF-\alpha
e.IL-6.
A.Which antigens are most important in the immune response to the influenza virus?
B.Explain the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift in the influenza virus.
C.Which is most likely to lead to a major worldwide pandemic?
D.What is the role of the phenomenon of €original antigenic sin€ in immunity to this
virus?
Which of the following is not a human monoclonal antibody that is directed at a
cell-surface component?
a.rituximab
b.alemtuzumab
c.ibritumomab
d.bevacizumab
e.ipilimumab.
_____ is not a drug that targets replication and proliferation of alloantigen-activated T
cells.
a.Rapamycin
b.Methotrexate
c.Mycophenolate mofetil
d.Azathioprine
e.Cyclophosphamide.
The cytokine influencing eosinophil development and function during helminth infections
is _____.
a.IL-3
b.IL-9
c.IL-19
d.IL-10
e.IL-5.
_____ results in defective phagocytic processes causing chronic bacterial infections.
(Select all that apply.)
a. Higashi syndrome
b.Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
c.myeloperoxidase deficiency
d.X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
e.chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____.
a.enhances their cytotoxic potential
b.skews their differentiation into effector NK cells
c.induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells
d.turns off type I interferon production by NK cells
e.induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death.
A.Which patients affected by Goodpasture’s syndrome also succumb to pulmonary
hemorrhage?
B.Explain the reason for this complication.
In common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain _____ that is/are
used for pathogen-recognition of microbial ligands.
a.caspase-recruitment domains (CARD)
b.Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain
c.variable extracellular domain
d.leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)
e.C-type lectin domain (CTLD).
_____ is a strategy used by herpesviruses where replication and the generation of
virus-derived peptides are avoided in order to hide from the immune response.
a.latency
b.antigenic shift
c.antigenic drift
d.seroconversion
e.gene conversion.
Production by the patient of antibodies against therapeutic mouse monoclonal antibodies is
the major limitation for their use in humans. These human anti-antibodies are directed
against the _____ of the mouse antibody.
a.V regions
b.D regions
c.C regions
d.J regions
e.MC regions.
Which of the following is not an activity associated with secretory IgA and secretory IgM
in mucosal secretions?
a.toxin neutralization
b.complement fixation
c.binds to mucin through disulfide bonds
d.restricts commensal microorganisms to gut lumen
e.limits population size of commensal microorganisms.
Explain the difference between (A) elite controllers and (B) elite neutralizers.