When comparing the T-cell receptor -chain locus with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain
locus, all of the following are correct except
a.the T-cell receptor locus differs because it has embedded within its sequence another
locus that encodes a different type of T-cell receptor chain
b.both are encoded on chromosome 14
c.the T-cell receptor -chain locus does not contain D segments
d.the T-cell receptor -chain locus contains more V and J regions
e.the T-cell receptor -chain locus contains more C regions
f.they both contain exons encoding a leader peptide.
The large population of microbes that contribute to the gut microbiota and have an
important role in food processing are called _____.
a.lamina propria
b.Peyer’s patches
c.microfold cells
d.commensal microorganisms
e.opportunists.
Which of the following can be found in serum in a monovalent form?
a.IgG4
b.IgD
c.IgA1
d.antibodies made up of four C domains
e.IgG3.
Describe the route that a Peyer’s patch-activated T lymphocyte follows, beginning with a
naive T lymphocyte in a high endothelial venule and ending with an effector T lymphocyte
in the lamina propria.
Which of the following statements regarding Ig± and Ig² proteins are correct? (Select all
that apply.)
a.They associate with all isotypes of antibodies on the cell membrane.
b.They are not required to form the fully functional B-cell receptor.
c.They facilitate signal transduction through their long cytoplasmic tails.
d.They are linked to one another by disulfide linkages.
e.They are made by somatic rearrangement.
Which of the following is most similar in its activity to that of IRF3?
a.IRAK4
b.NF\kappaB
c.TRAF6
d.I\kappa\kappa
e.GTP-binding (G) protein.
All of the following are correct regarding MAIT cells except _____. (Select all that apply.)
a.CD8+
b.respond to viral infection
c. T-cell receptors
d.populate lungs, mucosal tissues, liver, and blood
e.activated by microbiota that make riboflavin
f.respond to antigen presented by BTN3A
g.comprise 20-40% of lymphocytes in liver as oligoclonal populations of effector cells
with memory phenotype
h.positively selected by thymic epithelium expressing high levels of MR1.
All of the following indicate correct intermolecular associations except _____.
a.Janus kinases (JAKs): serglycin
b.L-selectin: GlyCAM-1
c.VLA-4: VCAM-1
d.JAKs: signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)
e.CD40: CD40 ligand.
The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a.spleen
b.tonsils
c.Peyer’s patches
d.appendix
e.adenoids.
_____ is a mechanism that drives the preferential selection of immunoglobulins with the
highest affinity for antigen.
a.Anergy
b.Isotype-switching
c.Affinity maturation
d.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
e.Transcytosis.
If a double-negative thymocyte has just completed a productive -chain gene
rearrangement, which of the following describes the immediate next step in the
development of this thymocyte?
a.A pre-T-cell receptor is assembled as a superdimer.
b.Rearrangement of – and -chain genes commences.
c.Expression levels of RAG-1 and RAG-2 are elevated.
d.The linked -chain genes are eliminated.
e.This cell will inevitably differentiate into a committed T cell.
All of the following are primarily associated with CD4 T-cell function except
a.improve phagocytic mechanisms of tissue macrophages
b.assist B cells in the production of high-affinity antibodies
c.kill virus-infected cells
d.facilitate responses of other immune-system cells during infection
e.assist macrophages in sustaining adaptive immune responses through their secretion of
cytokines and chemokines.
A.Identify the two major progenitor subsets of leukocytes.
B.Where do they originate in adults?
C.Name the white blood cells that differentiate from these two progenitor lineages.
All of the following are associated with the ability of influenza virus to escape from
immunity except _____.
a.age
b.error-prone replication of its DNA genome
c.co-infection with avian and human influenza viruses
d.recombinant strains
e.the phenomenon of “original antigenic sin.”
Which of the following does not describe a feature observed when a target cell is induced
to commit apoptosis by an NK cell?
a.DNA fragmentation by target cell nucleases
b.target cell shrinkage
c.shedding of membrane-enclosed vesicles by the target cell
d.chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell
e.macrophage disposal of apoptotic remains of the target cell.
After recognizing its ligand, a NOD receptor interacts with a signaling protein called
_____, which is a serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates TAKI.
a.CARD
b.NLRP3
c.RIPK2
d.MARCO
e.SR-A.
In the context of allogeneic transplantation, identify the mismatched pair.
a.inhibition of inflammation: prednisone
b.inhibition of co-stimulation: daclizumab
c.inhibition of cytokine signaling: basiliximab
d.inhibition of calcineurin: tacrolimus (FK506)
e.inhibition of T-cell proliferation: azathioprine.
Which of the following describes two recombination signal sequences required for a
permitted somatic recombination event?
a.VH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH
b. 7-23-9::9-23-7
c.DH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH
d. 7-12-9::7-23-9
e.VH 9-23-7::7-12-9 DH.
T-cell receptors structurally resemble
a.the Fc portion of immunoglobulins
b.MHC class I molecules
c.secreted antibodies
d.a single Fab of immunoglobulins
e.CD3 chains.
Match the term in Column A with its description in Column B.
From an immunological viewpoint, why would it be inadvisable for a mother who has
recently given birth to move with her newborn to a foreign country where there are
endemic diseases not prevalent in her homeland?
Explain the relationship between HLA-DRB1*04, smoking, the expression of peptidyl
arginine deaminase, and rheumatoid arthritis.
A-Explain how the poly-Ig receptor transports dimeric IgA antibodies across cellular
barriers, and specify the type of cell barrier involved.
B-What are the final locations of the transported material?
Match the term in Column A with its description in Column B.
A-What is an epitope?
B-Define the term multivalent antigen.
C-How does a linear epitope differ from a conformational epitope?
D-Do antibodies bind their antigens via noncovalent bonding or via covalent bonding?
Identify the four classes of pathogens that provoke immune responses in our bodies and
give an example of each.