The haplotype A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 is associated with several common autoimmune diseases
including all of the following except _____.
a.ankylosing spondylitis
b.systemic lupus erythematosus
c.autoimmune hepatitis
d.myasthenia gravis
e.type 1 diabetes
f.primary biliary cirrhosis.
_____ describes the process by which transplanted pluripotent stem cells find their way to
the bone marrow spaces in the bones of the body and begin to produce new blood cells.
a.Myeloablation
b.Engraftment
c.Relapse
d.Graft-vesus-leukemia
e.Chemotherapy.
All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____.
a.They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers.
b.The extracellular domain detects the microbial component.
c.They facilitate changes in gene expression.
d.They sense molecules not found in or on human cells.
e.The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat
regions (LRRs).
A.What are tumor-specific antigens?
B.How do they originate?
C.Give two examples, together with the type of tumor they come from.
Toll-like receptors differ from scavenger receptors in that they _____.
a.bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces
b.stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind
c.are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces
d.mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is carried out by _____ after
cross-linking of IgG1 or IgG3 antibodies on _____ receptors.
a.NK cells; Fc RI
b.neutrophils; Fc RI
c.NK cells; Fc RIII
d.macrophages; Fc RIIB2
e.mast cells; Fc RI.
Which of the following is false regarding HLA-G?
a.It is expressed as transmembrane or secreted forms.
b.It binds to LILRB1 inside endosomes of NK cells.
c.It stimulates the production of angiogenic factors by activating NK cells.
d.It is expressed exclusively by extravillous trophoblast cells.
e.It engages inhibitory receptors on uterine NK cells.
Parents who were distantly related to each other brought their 11-week-old infant Kristen
to the emergency room after she had a seizure accompanied by a persistently high fever
and running nose. Her liver and spleen were palpable (hepatosplenomegaly). Laboratory
tests revealed abnormally high levels of lymphocytes, and of the cytokines IFN , TNF- ,
and IL-6. Conversely, levels of hemoglobin and platelets were abnormally low. Bone
marrow aspiration showed the presence of macrophages containing phagocytosed red
blood cells and numerous large granular lymphocytes. Molecular analysis was carried out
to confirm the physician’s suspicion of a congenital immunodeficiency. A frameshift
mutation in the perforin gene PRF1 was found on both chromosomes. Kristen was
diagnosed with the rare, potentially life-threatening disease known as familial
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). Cytotoxic and aggressive
immunosuppressive chemotherapy was administered followed by a matched unrelated
hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Two years later Kristen is a healthy toddler. Which of
the following would not be consistent with the etiology of FHL?
a.impaired cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells
b.inhibition of transcriptional activators required for IL-2 synthesis
c.inability to kill virus-infected cells
d.persistent activation of CD8 T cells causing secretion of large amounts of IFN-
e.IFN- activation of macrophages which in turn drives the production of IL-6, TNF- ,
and other pro-inflammatory molecules.
Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following except _____. (Select
all that apply).
a.mannose
b.glucans
c.C3b
d.muramyl dipeptide
e.lipopolysaccharide
f.lipoteichoic acid
g.CpG-rich bacterial DNA.
Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected
cells are attacked by NK cells?
a.The default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating
signals before killing occurs.
b.Intimate contact with target cells is required.
c.Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.
d.No single receptor-ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity, but instead many
combinations of receptor-ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a
target cell.
Which of the following is not associated with the process by which B cells produce
secretory IgA in breast milk?
a.J chain
b.MAdCAM-1
c.
d.poly-Ig receptor
e.CCR9
f.transcytosis.
Healthy individuals have approximately ____ of CD4 T cells compared with CD8 T cells.
a.one quarter the number
b.half the number
c.equal numbers
d.twice the number
e.four times the number
Recombinant DNA technology has been especially useful for the production of _____ that
are used in subunit vaccines.
a.viral proteins
b.viral nucleic acids
c.mutated viruses
d.viral polysaccharides
e.infectious particles.
Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of
NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate.
a.TLR4
b.IL-1 receptor
c.NOD1
d.NOD2
e.All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an
activated IKK intermediate.