Which of the following genetic polymorphisms is associated with a predisposition to
asthma? (Select all that apply.)
a.promoter variants of IL-5
b.structural variant of IgG receptor
c.HLA class II allotypes
d. adrenergic receptor variant
e.ACOX5 (5-lipoxygenase).
Which of the following is the cause of red blood cell deficiency in autoimmune hemolytic
anemia? (Select all that apply.)
a.inability of red blood cells to develop normally in the bone marrow
b.loss of red blood cells due to widespread pinpoint hemorrhages
c.hemolysis by assembly of membrane-attack complexes
d.phagocyte-mediated clearance in the spleen
e.rapid turnover of red blood cells due to CD8 T-cell killing.
All of the following are included in the central supramolecular activation complex
(c-SMAC) except _____.
a.CD4 or CD8
b.ICAM-1
c.CD28
d.T-cell receptor
e.PKC- .
The Toll-like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and MyD88 pathways is
_____.
a.TLR3
b.TLR4
c.TLR5
d.TLR7
e.TLR8
f.TLR9.
Another term commonly used to describe hypervariable loops is
a.multivalency
b.framework regions
c.hinge region
d.complementarity-determining regions
e.signal joint.
Explain (A) why only memory B cells, and not naive B cells, participate in secondary
immune responses to particular pathogens, and (B) why this is advantageous to the host.
The diversity of MHC class I and II genes is due to _____. (Select all that apply.)
a.gene rearrangements similar to those observed in T-cell receptor genes
b.the existence of many similar genes encoding MHC molecules in the genome
c.somatic hypermutation
d.extensive polymorphism at many of the alleles
e.isotype switching.
Some allergies can be treated by a procedure called desensitization.
A.Explain two current approaches to desensitization.
B.Explain the main disadvantage associated with each.
_____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.
a.Neutrophil
b.Plasma
c.Memory
d.M
e.Mast.
A primary focus forms after a circulating naive B cell forms a conjugate pair with _____ in
the _____ of a lymph node.
a.TH1 cell; B-cell zone
b.cytotoxic T cell; T-cell zone
c.follicular dendritic cell; germinal center
d.TFH; medullary cords
e.CD40 ligand; T-cell zone.
All of the following are commonly used sources of hematopoietic stem cells except ____.
a.skin cells
b.bone marrow
c.umbilical cord blood
d.peripheral blood.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a consequence of _____.
a.mature T lymphocytes from the donor mounting an immune response against tissue of
the recipient
b.mature T lymphocytes from the recipient mounting an immune response against tissue of
the donor
c.mismatching A, B, and O antigens between donor and recipient
d.mismatching Rhesus antigen between donor and recipient
e.antibodies of the donor stimulating NK cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC) of tissues of the recipient.
Match the immunodeficiency in Column A with its corresponding cause or consequence in
Column B.
What are clonal selection and clonal expansion in the context of an adaptive immune
response? Describe how they shape the adaptive immune response.
Explain the steps that take place when a bacterium is opsonized via C3b:CR1 interaction
between the bacterium and a resident macrophage in tissues.
Anita Garcia, 17 years old, and her roommate Rosa Rosario were celebrating a friend’s
birthday at a dessert buffet at a local restaurant when Anita developed acute dyspnea,
and angioedema. She complained of an itchy rash, and then had difficulty swallowing.
Rosa drove Anita to the emergency room two blocks away rather than wait for an
ambulance. As they approached the hospital, Anita lost consciousness. This medical
emergency would most probably result in immediate _____ before any subsequent
treatment.
What do you think Anita was suffering from? Given the circumstances in which the
episode occurred, suggest a likely cause.
A-What are the two main checkpoints of B-cell development in the bone marrow?
B-What is the fate of developing B cells that produce (i) functional or (ii) nonfunctional
heavy and light chains?
C-Explain how these two checkpoints correlate with the process of allelic exclusion that
ensures that only one heavy-chain locus and one light-chain locus produce functional gene
products.
Explain the similarities between membrane cofactor protein, factor H, and complement
receptor 1 in terms of their complement control properties.
A-What is the basic structural difference between the immunoglobulins produced by B
cells and their descendants before antigen encounter and after antigen encounter?
B-Say which cell type(s) produce each form.
C-In which way do these different molecular forms resemble each other?