C-reactive protein binds to _____.
a.phosphorylcholine
b.mannose-containing carbohydrates
c.lipoteichoic acid
d.flagellin
e.MASP-1/MASP-2.
All of the following processes occur in mature B cells after antigen encounter except
a.alternative splicing
b.affinity maturation
c.proliferation
d.somatic recombination
e.isotype switching.
Plasma cells have all of the properties listed except
a.they rapidly proliferate in secondary lymphoid follicles
b.they secrete antibody
c.they are terminally differentiated B cells
d.they no longer express MHC class II molecules
e.they cease expressing membrane-bound immunoglobulin
f.they differentiate into plasma cells after migration from germinal centers to other sites in
lymphoid tissue and bone marrow.
All of the following are highly polymorphic except
a.HLA-A chain
b.HLA-DO chain
c.HLA-B chain
d.HLA-DR chain
e.HLA-C chain.
Which of the following statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are
correct? (Select all that apply.)
a.HIV has a DNA genome.
b.HIV must synthesize reverse transcriptase immediately after infecting a cell.
c.HIV infects cells expressing CD4.
d.HIV requires the CXCR4 co-receptor for internalization by T cells.
e.NF B is a transcription factor that facilitates the transcription of proviral RNA.
The consequence of allelic exclusion at the immunoglobulin loci ensures that _____.
(Select all that apply.)
a.B-cell receptors have a low-avidity binding
b.B cells express antigen receptors of a single specificity
c.hybrid immunoglobulins are formed
d.all functional copies of a gene are expressed
e.homogeneous B-cell receptors bind more effectively to antigen.
A developing B cell unable to generate a productive rearrangement on any of the four
light-chain loci will undergo
a.self-renewal
b.apoptosis
c.allelic exclusion
d.malignant transformation
e.differentiation into a B-1 cell.
Identify which of the following describes how antigen processing and presentation of self
antigens by thymic epithelial cells differs from that of antigen-presenting cells in
peripheral tissues. (Select all that apply.)
a.Thymic epithelium expresses MHC class I molecules but not MHC class II molecules.
b.Thymic epithelium uses cathepsin L for proteolytic degradation of self proteins.
c.Thymic epithelium expresses MHC class II molecules but not MHC class I molecules.
d.Thymic epithelium uses the transcription factor AIRE to activate thymic expression of
tissue-specific genes.
e.Thymic epithelium expresses transcription repressor protein FoxP3.
All of the following are examples of adjuvants except _____.
a.alum
b.MF59
c.inactivated Bordetella pertussis
d.virosomes
e.RhoGAM.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____. (Select all that apply.)
a.detect viral infection by using TLR4
b.produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated
c.are found exclusively in the blood
d.make up 10% of circulating leukocytes
e.have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells.
Genetic deficiencies in all of the following would impair the development of a fully
functional T-cell repertoire except
a.RAG-1 or RAG-2
b.Notch1
c.Pax-5
d.IL-7 receptor (CD127)
e.TAP-1 or TAP-2.
In routine blood transfusions, which of the following must be matched correctly? (Select
all that apply.)
a.A and B antigens
b.O antigens
c.Rhesus D antigen
d.MHC class I molecules
e.MHC class II molecules.
Which of the three complement pathways becomes activated soonest after an initial
infection?
a.the classical pathway
b.the lectin pathway
c.the alternative pathway.