The importance of CD59 (also known as protectin) is to _____.
a.promote the speed of complement activation by protecting C3 convertase C3bBb from
proteolytic degradation
b.prevent the recruitment of C9
c.dissociate the components of the alternative C3 convertase
d.prevent the attachment of C3b to host cell surfaces
e.inhibit the anchoring of C5b, C6, and C7 to host cell surfaces.
Which of the following is not produced by TH17 cells?
a.ICOS (inducible T-cell co-stimulator)
b.IL-17
c.CD4
d.IL-21
e.STAT3
_____ help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures
loaded with antimicrobial substances.
a.Inflammasomes
b.Neutrophil extracellular traps
c.RIG-1-like helicases
d.Granulomas
e.Plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding memory B cells?
a.Memory B cells are maintained for life.
b.In secondary responses, the number of pathogen-specific B cells is about 10-100-fold
that seen in primary responses.
c.The sensitivity of memory B cells is improved compared with naive B bells because
affinity maturation has occurred.
d.Memory B cells express lower levels of MHC class II and B7 than do naive B cells.
e.Memory B cells differentiate into plasma cells more rapidly than do naive B cells.
Hinda Mundy, 26 years old, grew concerned when a lump appeared in her lower neck and
she had pain in her chest and a dry cough. She also told her physician that she had
experienced fatigue, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, pruritis (dry, itchy skin), and
intermittent fevers over the past few months. Immunohistological staining of a biopsy of
the enlarged lymph node revealed the presence of large multinucleated Reed-Sternberg
cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests confirmed immunoglobulin gene
rearrangements; however, B-cell antigen expression was absent. Hinda entered complete
remission after treatment with four cycles of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy.
These symptoms and treatment are most consistent with a diagnosis of
a.Hodgkin’s lymphoma
b.multiple myeloma
c.acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
d. ‘s magroglobulinemia
e.chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
_____ vaccines are the most effective at evoking memory responses against a virus in an
immunized host.
a.Conjugate
b.Subunit
c.Killed
d.Live-attenuated
e.Toxoid.
A.Explain why an organ transplant made between a donor of blood group AB and a
recipient of blood group O will always be rejected, even if it is perfectly HLA-matched
and the recipient has been given immunosuppressant drugs. What is this type of rejection
called?
B.Give another example of ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient that would
lead to this type of rejection.
C.What other antigen incompatibilities, other than those of blood group, are most likely to
provoke this type of rejection?
D.Which pre-surgical laboratory test should be performed to prevent this type of rejection?
Match the term in Column A with its complement in Column B.
A.How is it possible for a tumor-specific antigen to be composed of a unique sequence of
amino acids not encoded in the genome of the tumor cell?
B.Give a specific example.
Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow donor needs to be HLA-matched
to the recipient?
a.The bone marrow transplant contains enough mature T cells to reconstitute the recipient
and the recipient provides the antigen-presenting cells.
b.The recipient’s MHC molecules mediate positive selection of thymocytes in the thymus
that interact with donor-derived MHC molecules in the periphery.
c.Reconstituted T cells are restricted by donor, not recipient, HLA allotypes.
d.Without an HLA match, the donor-derived thymocytes undergo negative selection.
e.If the donor is not HLA matched, the reconstituted T cells will be autoreactive.
_____ are soluble complement fragments that mediate localized and systemic
inflammatory responses.
a.cryptdins
b.defensins
c.anaphylatoxins
d.selectins
e.C-reactive proteins.
In which of the following ways does the developmental pathway of T cells differ from
that of B cells? (Select all that apply.)
a.Their antigen receptors are derived from gene rearrangement processes.
b.When the first chain of the antigen receptor is produced it combines with a surrogate
chain.
c.Cells bearing self-reactive antigen receptors undergo apoptosis.
d.MHC molecules are required to facilitate progression through the developmental
pathway.
e.T cells do not rearrange their antigen-receptor genes in the bone marrow.
The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the following ways?
a.It does not contain T cells.
b.It filters blood as well as lymph.
c.It is populated by specialized cells called M cells.
d.It receives pathogens via afferent lymphatic vessels.
e.It has no connection with the lymphatics.
Which of the following is not paired with its correct complement?
a.N nucleotides: more abundant in rearranged heavy-chain genes than in rearranged
light-chain genes
b.second checkpoint in B-cell development: assembly of a functional B-cell receptor
c.receptor editing: exchange of light chain for one that is not self-reactive
d.first checkpoint in B-cell development: selection by the pre-B-cell receptor
e.large pre-B-cell stage: constitutive expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins.
Match the type of hypersensitivity in column A with its description in column B.
Match the infectious agent in column A with the associated cancer in column B.
Explain why the suppression of naive B cells in secondary immune responses is
advantageous for fighting the measles virus but disadvantageous for fighting the influenza
virus.
Match the pathogen in column A with the condition or disease it causes in column B. There
may be more than one correct answer, and answers may be used more than once.
To which domain of MHC class II does CD4 bind?
A-Give three properties that distinguish B-1 cells from B-2 cells.
B-Do you think that B-1 cells should be categorized as participants in innate immune
responses or in acquired immune responses? Explain your rationale.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
Other than their ligand specificity, what is a key difference between TLR5, TLR4,
TLR1:TLR2, and TLR2:TLR6 compared to TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9?
In the early stages of the alternative pathway of complement activation there are
complement control proteins that are soluble (factorsH and I) and associated with the cell
surface (DAF and MCP). Identify the (i) soluble and (ii) cell surface-associated
complement control proteins that operate in the terminal stages of the alternative pathway
of complement activation, and describe their activities.