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Human papillomaviruses express proteins that bind to _____ and block its function. (Select
all that apply.)
a.MIC glycoproteins
b.p53
c.CT antigens
d.TLR4
e.Rb.
In addition to M cells, _____ can capture pathogens directly from the lumen of the gut.
a.intraepithelial lymphocytes
b.plasma cells
c.Paneth cells
d.dendritic cells
e.macrophages.
All of the following are associated with hereditary angioedema except _____.
a.possible death by suffocation
b.overproduction of vasoactive C2a fragment and peptide bradykinin
c.hyporesponsiveness of classical complement pathway
d.subepithelial edema
e.C1 inhibitor deficiency.
All of the following acute-phase proteins increase in concentration in the plasma during
inflammation with the exception of _____.
a.albumin
b.serum amyloid A protein
c.fibrinogen
d.C3
e.mannose-binding lectin.
Laboratory animals reared in gnotobiotic conditions _____.
a.are fed probiotics to disrupt the composition of their microflora
b.lack normal gut microbiota
c.develop appendicitis
d.have larger secondary lymphoid tissues than do control animals
e.have elevated levels of SIgA in the gut lumen.
With the exception of ______, these autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in women
than in men.
a.rheumatoid arthritis
b.multiple sclerosis
c.ankylosing spondylitis
d.Sjögren's syndrome
e.Graves' disease.
Although activation of the three different pathways of complement involves different
components, the three pathways converge on a common enzymatic reaction referred to as
complement fixation.
A.Describe this reaction.
B.Describe the enzyme responsible for this reaction in the alternative pathway.
C.Identify the three effector mechanisms of complement that are enabled by this common
pathway.
Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of CD94:NKG2A.
a.contains a C-type lectin domain
b.is an inhibitory NK-cell receptor
c.binds to carbohydrate ligands
d.is a disulfide-linked heterodimer
e.contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM).
Describe the three immunological mechanisms responsible for the destruction of red blood
cells in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
People who are heterozygous for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 allotypes are at greater risk of
developing type 1 diabetes than those who are homozygous for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8.
A.Explain the reason for this increased susceptibility.
B.Why is the above statement true mainly for people of northern European origin but not
for some other ethnic groups?
Natural killer cells (NK cells) carry activating and inhibitory receptors on their surface.
A.What property of NK cells do these receptors activate or inhibit, respectively? Explain
your answer.
B.How are NK cells thought to use these receptors to recognize and eliminate
virus-infected cells?
C.Why are the actions of NK cells categorized as innate immunity, and what do we know
of their specificity for MHC class I molecules?
D.Why do the NK cells of the recipient of an organ transplant sometimes attack the
transplanted tissue?
Match the autoimmune disease in column A with the consequence in column B.
Which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected
tissue?
a.TNF-\alpha production by macrophages
b.upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium
c.interferon response
d.generation of a CXCL8 gradient
e.extravasation across endothelium
f.proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels.
With reference to RotaTaq, identify the incorrect statement. (Select all that apply.)
a.It is an attenuated vaccine derived from a human rotavirus.
b.It has been genetically engineered to express a variety of human VP4 and VP7
glycoproteins.
c.It is a mixture of five cattle rotaviruses.
d.It is nonpathogenic in humans unless a genetic reversion occurs.
e.Standard tissue culture methods are used for its production.
f.It took decades of research to develop this vaccine to an adequate standard.
All of the following statements are correct regarding \alpha2-macroglobulin except _____.
a.it binds covalently to its target via a thioester bond
b.it possesses a bait region to lure its target
c.it undergoes a conformational change that enables it to enshroud the target
d.when bound to its target it is cleared from the circulation by hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and
macrophages bearing receptors specific for the complex
e.its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells.
A-Explain briefly how a vast number of immunoglobulins of different antigen specificities
can be produced from the relatively small number of immunoglobulin genes present in the
genome. Include the following terms in your explanation: somatic recombination; germline
configuration; V, D, and J segments.
B-What is the final arrangement of gene segments in the rearranged immunoglobulin
heavy-chain gene V region, and in what order do these gene segment rearrangements
occur?
C-In what order do the various immunoglobulin loci rearrange?
Explain why expression of CD40 ligand by TFH cells is important in the boundary area of
primary follicles in secondary lymphoid tissue as it relates to the targeted delivery of
secreted cytokines to the B-cell surface.
All of the following comprise heavy-chain isotypes of immunoglobulin except
In regard to killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) indicate which of the
following statements is true (T) or false (F).
Virus-infected cells attacked and killed by effector cytotoxic T cells are often surrounded
by healthy tissue, which is spared from destruction.
A-Explain the mechanism that ensures that cytotoxic T cells kill only the virus-infected
cells (the target cells).
B-What cytotoxins do cytotoxic T cells produce?
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
A-What is meant by the term "passive transfer of immunity," and how is it achieved? Give
examples.
B-Give the isotype of the antibodies involved in (i) placental transfer and (ii) transfer into
breast milk, and explain why these antibodies are important.
C-Do you think it is possible for a pregnant mother who has an autoimmune disease to
transfer autoreactive antibodies to the developing fetus? Explain your answer.
Match the receptor in column A with its ligand in column B. Responses in column B may
be used more than once.
