With which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact?
a.factor D
b.C1
c.factor P
d.C4
e.C2.
Macrophages exhibit all of the following characteristics except _____.
a.they trap and degrade pathogens in secondary lymphoid organs
b.they deliver co-stimulatory signals to naive T cells needed for T-cell priming
c.they migrate from sites of infection to nearby secondary lymphoid organs
e.they remove and degrade apoptotic lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid tissues
f.they reside in both the cortex and medulla of lymph nodes.
Identify the incorrect statement regarding flow cytometry.
a.Samples must be incubated with fluorescent molecules (such as fluorescent antibodies)
before analysis.
b.It is possible to label samples with two fluorescent tags and determine whether cells are
negative or positive for either one tag or the other, or both.
c.A one-dimensional histogram measures the amount of fluorescence versus cell number.
d.Samples must consist of a single cell type and not be composed of multiple cell types.
e.A laser is used to detect labeled cells.
f.A stream of cells in single file is generated by a nozzle.
The pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because _____.
a.the microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released
upon membrane disruption
b.hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide
dismutase
c.azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances
d.catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated.
Expression of IFN- is induced in a CD4 TH1 cell under the direction of the transcription
factor ______.
a.T-bet
b.FoxP3
c.AP-1
d.GATA-3
e.NFAT.
All of the following statements regarding interleukin-2 (IL-2) or its receptor are true
except _____.
a.The low-affinity IL-2 receptor is a membrane-bound heterodimer composed of and
chains.
b.IL-2 production increases approximately 100-fold if a co-stimulatory signal is delivered.
c.T-cell proliferation occurs upon binding of IL-2 to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor.
d.The high-affinity IL-2 receptor is assembled after T-cell activation.
e.Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits signaling of IL-2 through the
IL-2 receptor.
Match the term in column A with its function in column B.
When a subpopulation of unvaccinated individuals are protected against a pathogen
because the vast majority of individuals in the overall population are vaccinated, this is
called _____.
a.reverse vaccinology
b.subunit vaccination
c.partial immunization
d.combined immunity
e.herd immunity.
All of the following statements regarding T cells are correct except
a.they are more abundant in tissue than in the circulation
b.the chain is the counterpart to the chain in T-cell receptors because it contains V,
D, and J segments in the variable region
c.they share some properties with NK cells
d.activation is not always dependent on recognition of a peptide:MHC molecule complex
e.expression on the cell surface is not dependent on the CD3 complex.
Herpesviruses include all of the following except _____.
a.varicella-zoster
b.Epstein-Barr virus
c.herpes simplex virus
d.cytomegalovirus
e.All of the above are herpesviruses.
Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors, the NK cell _____.
a.discharges cytotoxic granules
b.ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta 2
c.synthesizes and secretes IL-15
d.synthesizes and secretes IL-12
e.synthesizes and secretes type I interferons.
The reason why babies born to mothers with Graves’ disease suffer passively from the
disease for only a short while after birth is that _____.
a.very little IgM is transported across the placenta
b.only antibodies, and not the B cells making the autoantibodies, cross the placenta
c.the newborn’s regulatory T cells suppress autoantibody production
d.the newborn’s thyroid gland develops resistance to the effects of maternal autoantibodies
e.thyroglobulin synthesis does not commence until months after birth.
A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been previously
exposed to it is called _____.
a.opportunistic
b.resistant
c.commensal
d.endemic
e.attenuated.
Which of the following is true of centrocytes? (Select all that apply.)
a.Somatic hypermutation has occurred.
b.They are large proliferating cells.
c.Isotype switching is complete.
d.They produce secreted forms of immunoglobulins.
e.They lack MHC class II molecules on the cell surface.
Which of the following are not encoded on chromosome 6 in the HLA complex? (Select all
that apply.)
a. -microglobulin
b.HLA-G chain
c.TAP-1
d.invariant chain
e.tapasin
f.HLA-DR chain.
The mechanisms contributing to peptide editing include which of the following? (Select all
that apply.)
a.removal of amino acids from the amino-terminal end by endoplasmic reticulum
aminopeptidase (ERAP)
b.cathepsin S-mediated cleavage of invariant chain
c.the participation of tapasin in finding a ‘good fit’ for class I heterodimers
d.recycling an MHC class I heterodimer if the peptide falls out of its peptide-binding
groove
e.upregulation of HLA-DM by interferon- .
Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in processing of
peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class I?
a.plasma membrane TAP1/2 proteasome MHC class I endoplasmic
reticulum
b.TAP1/2 proteasome MHC class I endoplasmic reticulum plasma
membrane
c.proteasome TAP1/2 MHC class I endoplasmic reticulum plasma
membrane
d.proteasome TAP1/2 endoplasmic reticulum MHC class I plasma
membrane
e.endoplasmic reticulum proteasome MHC class I TAP1/2 plasma
membrane.
Which cytokines are associated with tumor-induced suppression of the immune response?
(Select all that apply.)
a.IL-12
b.IL-2
c.TGF-
d.IL-4
e.IL-10.
The serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae differ in their _____.
a.superantigen products
b.ability to fix complement
c.rates of gene conversion
d.capsular polysaccharides
e.variable surface glycoproteins
f.neuraminidase epitopes.
The enzyme responsible for adding N nucleotides is
a.V(D)J recombinase
b.terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
c.uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG)
d.DNA ligase
e.activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID).
In B cells, transport of immunoglobulin to the membrane is dependent on association with
two invariant proteins, Ig and Ig . Which of the following invariant proteins provide this
function for the T-cell receptor in T cells?
Match the term in Column A with its description or function in Column B.
Explain why women who show no disease symptoms themselves can pass on some
heritable diseases to their sons, whereas their daughters seem to be unaffected. Would a
disease with this pattern of inheritance be caused by a recessive or a dominant allele?
Which property of HIV renders the virus difficult to eradicate by the body’s immune
defenses and also limits the efficacy of drug therapies?
Match the molecule in column A with its ligand in column B.
Match the term in column A with its description in column B.
Explain why, in principle, an organ transplanted from any donor other than an identical
twin is almost certain to be rejected in the absence of any other treatment.
A-Discuss the importance of the bone marrow stroma for B-cell development.
B-What would be the effect of anti-IL-7 antibodies on the development of B cells in the
bone marrow, and at which stage would development be impaired? Explain your answer.
A-What are the similarities between the activation of mast cells and NK cells via Fc RI
and Fc RIII, respectively? Be specific.
B-What are the differences? Again, be specific.