Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)
a. prednisone: pro-drug
b. rapamycin: calcineurin
c. azathioprine: cytotoxicity
d. methotrexate: NF B
e. cyclophosphamide: microbial products.
For IgG2 to be effective at stimulating uptake of IgG2-coated bacteria, _____.
a.an individual must express allotype H131 of Fc RIIA
b.an individual must express allotype R131 of Fc RIIA
c.the ITIMs of Fc RIIB2 must be non-functional
d.complement must be fixed on the surface of the bacterium.
Which of the following is associated with type III hypersensitivity?
a.nickel
b.recombinant human insulin
c.plant oil
d.mouse-derived monoclonal antibody
e.helminth infection.
“Original antigenic sin” is best described as a phenomenon in which _____.
a.a highly mutable virus gradually escapes from immunological memory and interferes
with compensatory immune responses.
b.latent viruses periodically activate effector T cells specific for the original antigen
recognized in the primary immune response.
c.the persistence of antigen is necessary to sustain maintenance of immunological memory.
d.memory T cells no longer express the same profile of adhesion molecules and cytokine
receptors compared with the original profile of the naive precursor T cell.
A recent therapy developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis includes the use of
_____ monoclonal antibodies that suppress the autoimmune response. (Select all that
apply.)
a.anti-TNF-
b.anti-C-reactive protein
c.anti-CD20
d.anti-rheumatoid factor
e.anti-CD3.
_____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host cells during a
respiratory burst.
a.Catalase activity
b.Complement control proteins
c.NADPH oxidase activity
d.Neutrophil mobilization
e.Superoxide dismutase activity.
Junctional diversity during gene rearrangement results from the addition of
a.switch region nucleotides
b.P and N nucleotides
c.V, D, and J nucleotides
d.recombination signal sequences
e.mutations in complementarity-determining regions.
The role of the CD3 proteins and chain on the surface of the cell is to
a.transduce signals to the interior of the T cell
b.bind to antigen associated with MHC molecules
c.bind to MHC molecules
d.bind to CD4 or CD8 molecules
e.facilitate antigen processing of antigens that bind to the surface of T cells.
The latest stages of late pro-B-cell development are recognized by the association of a
surrogate light chain with a chain. The surrogate light chain is composed of
a.E2A and EFB
b.Ig and Ig
c.VpreB and 5
d.RAG-1 and RAG-2
e.Pax-5 and CD19.
All of the following culminate in complement fixation and removal of T cells by
phagocytes except _____ which instead causes the T-cell receptors to be internalized and
unavailable for antigen recognition.
a.alemtuzumab
b.OKT3
c.rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG).
Why does it benefit the African trypanosome (T. brucei) to maintain more than 1000 genes
encoding surface glycoproteins, when only one of these glycoproteins is expressed on the
surface of the parasite at any given time?
A-Explain why immunological memory is important in acquired immunity.
B-Describe how immunoglobulin expressed during a primary immune response differs
qualitatively and quantitatively from the immunoglobulin expressed during a secondary
immune response.
Match the term in column A with its description in column B.
A-Explain two ways in which the expression and processing of self antigens in thymic
epithelium differs from the expression and processing of self antigens outside the thymus.
B-In what way is the thymic situation advantageous for the purposes of negative selection?
Describe the course of events that results in the swollen lymph nodes characteristic of
many infections. Use the following terms in your answer: B lymphoblasts, centroblasts,
centrocytes, follicular dendritic cells, germinal center, primary focus, primary follicle,
somatic hypermutation, boundary region, and tingible body macrophages.
Match the term in column A with its description in column B.
A-What is Notch1?
B-Which cells express the ligand of Notch1?
C-How does the interaction between Notch1 and its ligand mediate T-cell development?