The complementarity-determining region (CDR) 1 and CDR2 loops of the T-cell receptor
contact the _______:
a.side chains of amino acids in the middle of the peptide
b.co-receptors CD4 or CD8
c.membrane-proximal domains of the MHC molecule
d.constant regions of antibody molecules
e. helices of the MHC molecule.
The symptoms of allergy and asthma are induced after cross-linking of IgE antibody on Fc
RI receptors found on the surface of _____. (Select all that apply.)
a.basophils
b.eosinophils
c.macrophages
d.mast cells
e.neutrophils.
During a secondary immune response, high-affinity IgG antibodies are produced. Which of
the following best explains why low-affinity IgM antibodies are not made?
a.Naive pathogen-specific B cells are suppressed by negative signaling through Fc³RIIB1.
b.Naive pathogen-specific B cells isotype switch and hypermutate much more quickly
during secondary immune responses.
c.Memory B cells outnumber naive B cells.
d.Low-affinity IgM antibodies are made only when antigen concentration is exceedingly
high.
IgA proteases produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae mediate all of the following effects
except _____.
a.separation of Fab and Fc regions
b.interference with Fc R-mediated endocytosis
c.enhanced adherence of Fab-coated bacteria to mucosal epithelium
d.preferential cleavage of IgA2 over IgA1.
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) are located on _____.
a.the cytoplasmic tails of IgM
b.tyrosine kinases Blk, Fyn, and Lyn
c.the cytoplasmic tails of Ig and Ig
d.breakdown products of C3b deposited on pathogen surfaces
e.thymus-independent antigens.
All of the following are associated with the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma except
a.The expression of Myc protein is perturbed.
b.A chromosomal translocation involving a proto-oncogene and an immunoglobulin gene
occurs.
c.Overproduction of the Bcl-2 protein prolongs the lifetime of B-lineage cells.
d.Cell division restraints on mutated B cells are lifted.
e.In addition to a chromosomal translocation event, mutations elsewhere in the genome are
usually involved.
The sheddase _____ cleaves on the cell surface, resulting in the production of
monomeric and trimeric forms of .
a.cathepsin G
b.CR2
c.eotaxin
d.major basic protein
e.ADAM10.
Indicate which of the following statements is false. (Select all that apply.)
a.Immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain loci are encoded on the same chromosome.
b.Light chains contain V and J segments, whereas heavy chains contain V, D, and J
segments.
c.The gene segments are duplicated in about 50% of the human population.
d.All immunoglobulin loci include a leader sequence.
e.On the heavy-chain locus, V rearranges to D first, and then J joins the combined VD
sequence.
f.Immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci undergo two rounds of somatic recombination,
whereas light-chain loci undergo only one.
All of the following autoimmune diseases are correctly matched with their HLA disease
associations except _____.
a.HLA-B27: ankylosing spondylitis
b.HLA-DQ2: type 1 diabetes in Africans and Asians
c.HLA-B35: birdshot retinopathy
d.HLA-DR4: rheumatoid arthritis
e.HLA-DQ6: narcolepsy.
_____ is the approach that mines a pathogen’s genome to reveal potential antigens and
derives clues about cellular location, function, and ability to stimulate protective antibodies
based on nucleotide sequence.
a.Conjugation
b.Attenuation
c.Reverse vaccinology
d.Herd immunity
e.Neutralization.
In contrast to immunoglobulins, T-cell receptors recognize epitopes present on
_______ antigens:
a.carbohydrate
b.lipid
c.protein
d.carbohydrate and lipid
e.carbohydrate, lipid, and protein.
The primary effect of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) during T-cell activation is to _____.
a.cause an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration
b.activate phospholipase C-
c.activate a MAP kinase cascade
d.facilitate the differentiation of immature effector T cells
e.align the microtubule-organizing center toward the antigen-presenting cell.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complement component C4B?
a.Deficiency of C4B is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
b.C4B has similar properties to those of C4A.
c.The thioester bond of C4B is preferentially acted upon by amino groups of
macromolecules.
d.C4B is encoded in the class II region of the MHC.
e.The gene for C4B is duplicated or deleted in some individuals.
Explain why TLRs can detect many different species of microbes despite the limited
number of different TLR proteins.
There are many parallels between the development of B cells and T cells. Identify the
incorrectly matched counterpart in B cells (left) versus T cells (right).
Match the term in column A with its counterpart in column B.
MHC class II deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and involves a defect
in the coordination of transcription factors involved in regulating the expression of all
MHC class II genes (HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR).
A-What is the effect of MHC class II deficiency?
B-Explain why hypogammaglobulinemia is associated with this deficiency.
Provide an example of a monoclonal antibody that can be modified differently to either
detect or eradicate a tumor.