Human Learning 6th Edition

1) David is addicted to a drug that increases his blood sugar level, temporarily giving him more energy. David always takes this drug in the bathroom. He finds that he becomes tired when he enters the bathroom and also that he needs more and more of the drug to maintain the

1) Eight-year-old Amy always seems to be in overdriveshe has trouble sitting still for any length of time. Her teacher occasionally gives her short breaks in which she can get up and move around a bit as a way of releasing pent-up energy. Such breaks occur unpredictably, without regard for whether

1) Carl can correctly answer a question such as, If all flegs are blats, and if all blats are dulms, are all flegs also dulms? From Piagets perspective, Carl is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development. a.sensorimotor b.preoperational c.formal operations d.concrete operations Answer: c Answer: c Answer: c 2) Under some conditions, negative feedback can

1) Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one? a.It is always better to learn a little bit about many topics than to learn a lot about a few topics. b.Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces. c.Most

1) Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn? a.CAR, DOG, BUN b.BUX, RIJ, NOP c.TON, FIT, AIR d.XDP, MFC, RLJ Answer: a Answer: a Answer: a 2) Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help students learn from a discovery learning activity? a.Making sure students always

1) Identify the student who most clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal. a.When Abby gets a new assignment, she likes to set it aside for a day or so before she actually begins to work on it. b.Bonnie is a perfectionist who gets upset when her test grades

1) Which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists concept of a sense of self-determination? a.Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job b.Believing that you have some choice about what you do c.Deciding what kind of person you want to become d.Knowing you can accomplish something if you just put your mind

1) Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote self-regulation in students? a.Mr. Adams knows that many students have trouble learning algebra. He spends the first few weeks of class having students engage in activities that will make algebraic concepts concrete and understandable. b.When assigning a lengthy research project,

1) If you were to criticize Vygotskys theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, which one of the following would you be most likely to say? a.It ignores the effects that formal education has on cognitive development. b.It disregards the important roles that peers play in childrens

1) Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher, Ms. Washington, used to laugh at Warrens funny remarks, but is now trying to discourage Warrens disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In behaviorist terminology, Ms. Washington is now trying to modify Warrens joke-telling behavior through: a.stimulus

1) Which one of the following is the closest approximation to co-regulated learning? a.Kieran takes detailed notes during a lecture in his class. b.When studying for a quiz, Malika tries to answer the questions on the study guide her teacher has provided. c.Suki is studying for a history test. She knows she has

1) Mandy has learned that whenever her father comes home drunk, he is likely to beat her, so she usually goes to her friends house before he has the chance. In this situation, the fathers coming home drunk is: a.Punishment I b.Punishment II c.An unconditioned stimulus d.A pre-aversive stimulus Answer: d Answer: d Answer: d 2) At the

1) On some occasions, attributing students failures to lack of effort is quite appropriate. On other occasions, attributions to effort can backfire and be counterproductive. Which one of the following alternatives is the most accurate description of how attributions to effort can sometimes have adverse effects? a.When students fail at a

1) Ivan Pavlov conducted a series of studies that led him to propose his theory of classical conditioning. In these studies, Pavlov observed how a dog learned to: a.Bark when meat was presented b.Bark when meat was taken away c.Wake up when an auditory stimulus (e.g., a bell) was presented d.Salivate to a simple

1) Learners epistemic beliefs can best be described as learners views about: a.What instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material b.How researchers develop theories from the data they collect c.How long they are likely to remember the things that they learn in school d.The nature of knowledge and how it

1) Which one of the following students most clearly has a work-avoidance goal? a.Last night Frederick stayed up so late watching television that he can hardly stay awake in class. b.Loni is so active in student government that she often doesnt have time to get her homework done. c.Chris asks for his teachers

1) Three of the following characterize virtually all instances of human learning. Which one is not necessarily an aspect of human learning? a.Some sort of change occurs. b.Conscious thought is involved to some extent. c.Whatever is acquired lasts longer than a few seconds. d.Some sort of experience brings it about. Answer: b Answer: b Answer: b 2) B.

1) Which one of the following is an accurate statement regarding research on eyewitness testimony? a.Males remember events more accurately than females. b.Females remember events more accurately than males. c.What is remembered is influenced by the question asked. d.What is remembered is influenced by the capacity (amount of storage space) of ones long-term memory

1) When Mary thinks about what a dog is, several very different-looking animals come to mind, including greyhounds, German shepherds, cocker spaniels, and Chihuahuas. Which one of the following views of concept learning best characterizes Marys knowledge of the concept dog? a.Learning correlational features b.Prototype c.Exemplars d.Hypothesis testing Answer: c Answer: c Answer: c 2) In social cognitive

1) Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not? a.Pique students interest in classroom subject matter. b.Identify students misconceptions about a topic prior to instruction. c.Explore a few topics in depth rather than covering many topics quickly. d.Have students learn definitions of important concepts to automaticity. Answer: d Answer:

1) Naomi wakes up several hours after a severe blow to her head has rendered her unconscious. She can remember nothing about events leading up to the incident, reflecting the importance of ________ in learning and memory. a.neurogenesis b.consolidation c.a critical period d.the corpus callosum Answer: b Answer: b Answer: b 2) After seeing many different examples of

1) Davids mother insists that he vacuum the living room carpet. But when she sees how haphazardly he vacuums (he misses two-thirds of the carpet), she tells him, Never mind, Ill do it! Davids escape of household chores is: a.positively reinforced b.negatively reinforced c.punished d.an example of passive avoidance learning Answer: b Answer: b Answer: b 2) Piaget

1) Three of the following teachers are likely to enhance students motivation to do well in the classroom. Which one is unlikely to do so? a.Mr. Avalon makes sure his classroom assessments are good measures of his classroom objectives. b.Mr. Brandt is full of surprises; his students never know what hell ask them

1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of collective self-efficacy? a.Over time, learners develop a general sense of self-efficacy that influences their performance in a wide variety of content domains. b.As learners get older, their self-confidence about performing certain tasks becomes fairly stable and so is less influenced

1) Only one of the following is a true statement about long-term memory storage. Which one? a.New information has little or no effect on previously stored information. b.All people tend to store a given piece of information in essentially the same way. c.How effectively information is stored influences how easily it can be

1) Which one of the following responses is most likely to be learned through classical conditioning? a.Feeling anxious around horses b.Taking a walk on a nice day c.Doing homework d.Waving to a friend Answer: a Answer: a Answer: a 2) Theorists conceptualize propositions as abstract entities but usually describe them in terms of words. This sentence: Susan gives her

1) A student reads the statement, To be or not to be, that is the quastion, and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of _________ in long-term memory storage. a.closure b.similarity c.expectations d.rehearsal Answer: c Answer: c Answer: c 2) Three of the

1) Which one of the following alternatives best describes the differences between people with a mastery orientation and those with learned helplessness? a.People with a mastery orientation expect that they will have to work extremely hard to master new tasks. People with learned helplessness usually overestimate their abilities. b.People with a mastery orientation

1) One effective educational practice is to chart students progress over time so that students can see their improvement. These progress charts often lead to higher student achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement. The effectiveness of such charts in changing behavior illustrates the importance of reinforcement: a.As

1) Matthews mother teaches him to measure butter for cooking by placing the butter in a measuring cup partially filled with water and seeing how high the water rises. In his science lab a few days later, Matthew realizes he can use the same procedure to measure the volume of

1) Roger is shown two piles of sand and says that each pile has the same amount. However, when one pile is flattened with a shovel, he now claims emphatically, The flat pile has less sand. Based on this information, Roger is probably in Piagets _______ stage of development. a.preoperational b.concrete operations c.formal operations d.sensorimotor Answer:

1) Maureen vehemently denies that trees are plants. Her understanding of what a plant is reflects which of the following errors? a.overgeneralization b.undergeneralization c.confirmation bias d.the misinformation effect Answer: b Answer: b Answer: b 2) When Mr. Thompson yells at his students, they all pay attention to him. Mr. Thompson is receiving ________ for his yelling behavior. a.Punishment I b.Punishment

1) Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? According to social cognitive theorists, the answer is: a.Yes. Self-efficacy is highest when students fail at a task several times in a row before accomplishing it successfully. b.Yes. Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off. c.No. Failure

1) Which one of the following is least likely to be a good predictor of how well a person will remember a piece of information a year or two after learning it? a.The speed with which the person learned it in the first place b.The extent to which the person related it to

1) The anthropologist Colin Turnbull described an incident in which a pygmy man raised in the thick African jungle was taken to an open plain. As the two men approached a herd of buffalo by car, the pygmy became fearful of the growing animals. The pygmys misperception illustrates the importance

1) Harry and Sam are both taking French; Harry is also taking German, but Sam is not. Harry and Sam learn these French vocabulary words in their French class: head la tte eye lil mouth la bouche The following day, Harry learns these German vocabulary words in his German class: head der Kopf eye das Auge mouth

1) Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to reduce an inappropriate behavior. Which one is not recommended? a.Punish the behavior each time it occurs. b.Describe the inappropriate behavior to the would-be offender in concrete terms. c.Change the environment to lessen the chances that the misbehavior will occur. d.Punish frequently to

1) Which one of the following individuals shows motivation consistent with self-worth theory? a.Monica doesnt read the comments her teacher has written on her research paper because she suspects that theyre not very flattering. b.Isabelle goes to see the horror movie Scream with her friends; later that night, she has considerable trouble falling

1) Which one of the following illustrates how classroom assessment practices might affect students epistemic beliefs? a.Susan thinks that art appreciation means memorizing paintings and their artists because every test in her art appreciation class asks her to label a series of paintings and identify the painter of each one. b.Because Geraldine consistently

1) Which one of the following best exemplifies experience-dependent plasticity? a.Hearing subtle differences in similar-sounding words b.Learning how to pronounce words like a native speaker c.Learning syntactical structures of ones native language d.Learning how to read Answer: d Answer: d Answer: d 2) Travis realizes that the year World War II ended1945is the same year that his grandfather

1) Hermann Ebbinghaus invented nonsense syllables to eliminate the associations that might help him learn a list of words. In studying how people learn nonsense syllables, verbal learning theorists found that: a.People tend to form associations with them anyway. b.People learn them almost as easily as they learn real words. c.People learn them

1) Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project. Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of: a.drive b.trait anxiety c.hot cognition d.self-handicapping Answer: d Answer: d Answer: d 2) Jeff wants to remember the twelve signs of the

1) For which of the following students would behaviorist approaches to instruction be least helpful? a.Ann has a learning disability. b.Bobby is very anxious about his academic work. c.Carl would rather socialize with his friends than do his homework. d.Dana has always been one of the top students in her class. Answer: d Answer: d Answer: d 2)

1) Which one of the following statements best describes the perspective known as theory theory? a.The ways in which people categorize their experiences usually have little relevance to physical reality. b.In the preschool years, children develop concrete understandings of events; these understandings become increasingly abstract as they reach adolescence. c.People develop general belief systems

1) With the textbooks discussion of competence and self-determination in mind, choose the teacher below who is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students. a.Ms. Andre gives her students concrete suggestions about how to improve their expository writing. b.Mr. Brooks reminds his students that the deadline for their

1) Which one of the following is the best example of hot cognition? a.Learning a new strategy for solving a difficult problem b.Realizing that you finally understand Einsteins law of relativity c.Getting excited when you read about a possible cure for Alzheimers disease d.Having a mental block that interferes with your writing ability Answer: c Answer:

1) A principle of learning can best be characterized as: a.A description of the results of a particular research study b.A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning c.The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation d.An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs Answer: b Answer: b Answer:

1) Three of the following are examples of social goals. Which one would not necessarily be considered a social goal? a.Robert is eager to learn everything he can about terrorists and their personalities. b.Harry is worried that the homeless in his community may freeze during a bitter cold spell. c.Jasmine works hard to

1) Joshua stays in his dorm room rather than going to his required English composition class because he has difficulty with writing assignments. Joshuas lack of class attendance is an example of: a.escape b.active avoidance c.passive avoidance d.punishment Answer: c Answer: c Answer: c 2) Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be

1) Considering research described in the textbook regarding meaningful learning, which one of the following students is most likely to remember what the word effervescent means? a.Alice thinks, The word has four Es. b.Betty thinks, The word describes me...I have a bubbly personality. c.Carolyn thinks, The ending is the same as the ending of

1) Over the course of history, science has continued to evolve as new data emerge and scientists offer new ideas to explain those data. This continuing process of change in scientific thinking over the years best reflects the idea of: a.information processing theory b.individual constructivism c.social constructivism d.Prgnanz Answer: c Answer: c Answer: c 2) Trudy makes an

1) Which one of the following is the best illustration of synthesis within Blooms taxonomy? a.Angela discovers fallacies in her teachers argument regarding the value of an agricultural economy in Africa. b.Connie dissects an earthworm in order to examine its digestive system. c.Edgar uses a principle that he learned in physics to develop

1) Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchens train of thought? a.Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy. b.Long-term memory is organized as a network. c.The

1) When 15-year-old Valerie discovers that she earned an A on last weeks assignment, she expresses pride to her teacher and explains that she worked very hard on it. On the way home from school, however, she tells her friends that she didnt put much effort into the project at all

1) Relationships with peers are often foremost in 12-year-old Jonathans mind and can have a huge impact on his emotional state. For example, when classmates treat him well, hes quite happy and self-assured, but when someone snubs him or makes fun of him, he becomes very depressed and thinks, No

1) Many operant conditioning theorists use the term reinforcement rather than reward because: a.The term reward can refer only to a material reinforcer. b.The term reward can refer only to a social reinforcer. c.One type of reinforcement (negative reinforcement) is actually a form of punishment. d.The term reward implies a consequence that most people