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1) Which one of the following alternatives best describes the differences between
people with a mastery orientation and those with learned helplessness?
a.People with a mastery orientation expect that they will have to work extremely hard to
master new tasks. People with learned helplessness usually overestimate their abilities.
b.People with a mastery orientation set easily attainable goals and become frustrated
when they dont attain those goals effortlessly. People with learned helplessness set
goals that are almost impossible to attain.
c.People with a mastery orientation attribute their successes to external, uncontrollable
factors. People with an attitude of learned helplessness attribute failures to internal,
controllable factors.
d.People with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges. People with
learned helplessness underestimate their ability and set low goals.
2) Which one of the following characteristics of behaviorist learning theories is a direct
outgrowth of the equipotentiality assumption?
a.Rewards and punishments have equally strong, but opposite, effects on behavior.
b.Conclusions derived from research with rats are applicable to human learning.
c.All people have an equal ability to learn something.
d.Several different responses may be learned to the same stimulus.
3) Three of the following are accurate statements about how students epistemic beliefs
influence their approach to studying and learning. Which statement is not accurate?
a.Students who believe that knowledge consists of a collection of discrete facts, rather
than an interrelated set of ideas, are likely to engage in rote learning of classroom
material.
b.Students who believe that learning is a gradual process are more likely to use a
variety of learning strategies and to persist in their learning efforts until they have
mastered what they are studying.
c.Students who believe that knowledge is a certain entitythat facts and ideas are
definitely either right or wrongare more like likely to jump to quick conclusions from
the things they hear and read.
d.Students who believe that knowledge is something that comes from authority figures,
rather than being constructed by the learner, are more likely to be actively, cognitively
engaged in their learning tasks.
4) In Piagets theory, a scheme can best be described as:
a.A mental picture of oneself
b.A general lifestyle or cultural pattern
c.A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop
d.An organized group of similar thoughts or actions
5) In class Tom sits slouched in his seat, with his arms crossed and a continual
you-cant-make-me-learn expression on his face. He never participates in class
discussions (even when specifically called on), and he never turns in assignments.
Which one of the following is least likely to be an explanation for Toms behavior?
a.He has little self-efficacy for succeeding at academic tasks.
b.He wants to maintain a good image with low-achieving friends.
c.He sees no relevance of classroom subject matter to his own life.
d.He has no motivation whatsoever.
6) Three of the following are common misconceptions that elementary or secondary
students are likely to have. Which one is not commonly found?
a.Any moving object must have a force continually acting on it.
b.Most animals can survive for months without food.
c.Boundaries between countries are designated by actual lines marked on the earths
surface.
d.The earth is shaped like a disk.
7) A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ) is most likely
to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:
a.productions
b.propositions
c.verbal codes
d.images
8) A theory of learning can best be characterized as:
a.A description of the results of a particular research study
b.A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning
c.The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation
d.An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs
9) Which one of the following objectives meets criteria described in the textbook?
a.Students will study the effects of climate on agricultural and business development in
Third World countries.
b.Students will practice factoring polynomials for at least 30 minutes per day.
c.Students will correctly conjugate regular French verbs in both present and past tenses.
d.Students will be shown how to execute an effective overhand throw.
10) Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to
reduce an inappropriate behavior. Which one is not recommended?
a.Threaten punishment several times before administering it.
b.Explain why the behavior is unacceptable.
c.Teach the appropriate behavior for the situation.
d.Whenever possible, punish the behavior as soon as it occurs.
11) Three of the following teachers are likely to enhance students intrinsic motivation to
do well in the classroom. Which one is unlikely to do so?
a.Ms. Actons enthusiasm about science is evident in everything she does in class.
b.Ms. Barton asks students to imagine how scary it must have been to sail across an
uncharted ocean with Columbus in 1492.
c.Ms. Canton reminds students that good grades are important for getting a college
scholarship.
d.Ms. Dayton tells students, This class has produced the most creative art projects Ive
seen in a long time. You should be very proud of yourselves.
12) Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in
word recognition?
a.When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression.
b.When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words.
c.When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings
instantaneously.
d.When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to
imagine how it might be spelled.
13) Eight-year-old Julie lives in a rural area where many people are farmers or in some
other way make their living through agriculture. After a lengthy summer drought, it
begins to rain heavily one day in late July. Thank goodness! Julie hears her father
exclaim. Our prayers have finally been answered! Julie makes a mental note of the
causeeffect relationship her father has impliedin particular, that prayer can lead to rain.
This situation illustrates Vygotskys belief that:
a.Adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events.
b.Childrens level of potential development is always a bit higher than their actual
developmental level.
c.Children acquire more knowledge and skills when scaffolding is kept to a minimum.
d.Thought and language are distinct processes in the early years of life.
