1) Identify the student who most clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance
goal.
a.When Abby gets a new assignment, she likes to set it aside for a day or so before she
actually begins to work on it.
b.Bonnie is a perfectionist who gets upset when her test grades are anything but A+.
c.When given the choice between taking an easy class or a more challenging one, Cora
chooses the challenging one.
d.Dana is easily distracted by the many stimuli competing for her attention in the
classroom.
2) Which one of the following best illustrates the word length effect?
a.Linda finds that her attention is drawn more readily to long words (e.g., watermelon)
than to short ones (e.g., pear).
b.Macy has a difficult time remembering how to spell hippopotamus and armadillo,
even though she can spell other animal names (e.g., dog, bear) quite easily.
c.When words are four or more syllables long, the tendency to mix up the order of
consonants (e.g., mispronouncing interpretation as interpetration) increases
considerably.
d.Rick has trouble remembering his shopping listdetergent, antifreeze, cinnamon,
watermelon, margarineeven though he could easily remember a 6-item list (nuts, milk,
pears, salt, ham, stamps) last week.
3) For the past three years, 16-year-old Susan has set her sights on becoming an
electrical engineer. Which one of the following statements about Susan is consistent
with research on career goals?
a.Its highly unusual for an adolescent like Susan to have such a stable career goal.
b.Susan worries about whether shell be able to handle both her career and motherhood.
c.Susans high aspirations are quite surprising; most adolescents (boys and girls alike)
tend to aspire to careers far below what they are capable of achieving.
d.Susan is likely to find equal numbers of males and females in her college engineering
classes.
4) Which one of the following most clearly illustrates general (as opposed to specific)
transfer?
a.The skill Arnold has developed as a marathon runner helps him later in life when he
jogs for exercise.
b.Brian has learned study skills in his history class that he also finds useful in his
English literature class.
c.Conways knowledge of addition and subtraction helps him learn accounting
procedures.
d.Davids knowledge of the human digestive system helps him understand the digestive
system of an earthworm.
5) Bills behaviors in Ms. Kennedys class are really distracting to other students. For
example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on
how to do any assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes
strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him
or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate
behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following
interpretations of this situation best explains why Bills behaviors are increasing?
a.Ms. Kennedy is positively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.
b.Ms. Kennedy is negatively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.
c.Ms. Kennedy is vicariously reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.
d.Ms. Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviors.
6) Sharon has learned that her language arts teacher answers her questions willingly but
that her biology teacher discourages questions. Sharon therefore asks questions in
language arts but not in biology. In behaviorist terminology, Sharon is:
a.on a differential rate of low responding schedule
b.showing generalization
c.on a fixed interval schedule
d.under stimulus control
7) A problem with trying to explain modeling solely from the perspective of
instrumental conditioning is that:
a.Events that are reinforcing for some people are not reinforcing for others.
b.People sometimes dont imitate a behavior until many days after observing it.
c.Vicariously punished behaviors usually increase, rather than decrease, in frequency.
d.Not all behaviors are imitated.
8) After meeting a new neighbor, Shandra mistakenly calls him David on several
occasions. Eventually the neighbor kindly corrects her, saying, My name is actually
Darren. After that, Shandra correctly calls the man Darren, but initially she has to work
hard not to call him David instead. Which one of the following concepts best
characterizes the change in Shandras memory?
a.retrieval-induced forgetting
b.encoding specificity
c.the misinformation effect
d.an identity cue
9) Which one of the following examples best illustrates symbolic thought as Piaget
described it?
a.Isabelle pushes a classmate off the swing so that she can use it.
b.Edward tries not to cry when his mother drops him off on the first day of kindergarten
c.Richard actively manipulates a new toy to find out what it does.
d.Laura asks herself, Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?
10) Peg is trying to change a light bulb in a ceiling light, but she cannot reach the light
even when she stands on a chair. She looks around the room, puzzled, and then
suddenly realizes that she can reach the light by piling two telephone books on the chair
and standing on them. Pegs approach to the problem can probably best be understood
from which one of the following perspectives of problem solving?
a.Stages of problem solving
b.Trial-and-error
c.The Gestalt notion of insight
d.Response hierarchy
11) Note taking has a number of beneficial effects on learning and retention of
information. Which one of the following is not an effect of note taking?
a.It promotes verbal encoding of the material being heard or read.
b.It promotes visual encoding of the material being heard or read.
c.It provides retrieval cues for later recall of information.
d.It decreases the degree to which elaboration is necessary.
12) Three of the following students are showing signs of self-regulated learning. Which
student does not show any evidence of self-regulated learning?
a.Adam beams with pleasure when his teacher praises his English essay, because her
opinion of his work is very important to him.
b.Blake knows that, for purposes of college admission, his performance in math class is
more important than his performance in his drama class, so he works harder in the first
class than in the second.
c.As Craig studies his German vocabulary words, he occasionally stops to check
himself to see which words he needs to study further.
d.Drew thinks to himself, Tonight Ill skim the reading assignment in history just to get a
general idea of what the chapters all about. Tomorrow Ill read it again in more depth.
13) Which one of the following illustrates an overgeneralization error? The concepts in
question are italicized.
a.Abe knows what the words tall and short mean, but he doesnt realize that one is the
opposite of the other.
b.Ben thinks that all animals have to have fur and four legs; therefore snakes,
bumblebees, and people cannot possibly be animals.
c.Carol says, I forgetted my homework today.
d.Donna thinks that whales and dolphins are kinds of fish, when they are actually
mammals instead.
14) A community of learners can best be described as:
a.A classroom in which a cooperative spirit of helping one another learn prevails
b.A small group of students that chooses a special topic it wants to pursue
independently
c.A classroom in which most activities are relatively structured discovery-learning
activities
d.A classroom in which most activities involve whole-class discussions and reciprocal
teaching