1) On some occasions, attributing students failures to lack of effort is quite appropriate.
On other occasions, attributions to effort can backfire and be counterproductive. Which
one of the following alternatives is the most accurate description of how attributions to
effort can sometimes have adverse effects?
a.When students fail at a task they have tried very hard at and are then told that they
didnt try hard enough, they may decide they simply dont have the ability to do the task
and give up.
b.When students fail at a task at which they have not tried very hard to succeed and are
then told that they didnt exert enough effort, they are likely to feel resentment toward
their teacher.
c.When students are told that they didnt try hard enough at a task that they expended
quite a bit of effort on, they will almost certainly attribute the failure to bad luck.
d.When students are told that they didnt exert enough effort and they really didnt try
very hard, they are likely to attribute their failure to an external factor and not accept
responsibility for it.
2) Which one of the following best exemplifies experience-expectant plasticity?
a.Learning how to play the guitar
b.Mastering ones native language
c.Understanding abstract ideas in philosophy
d.Applying principles of psychology to real-world settings
3) When choosing a partner to work on a science fair project, James selects a close
friend who isnt particularly good in science. With this information in mind, which one
of the following is most likely to be true about James?
a.He has a high need for affiliation.
b.He has a high need for approval.
c.He has a high need for achievement.
d.He has a high motive to avoid failure.
4) Martin went to two or three school dances but felt uncomfortable and self-conscious
at them. Martin no longer goes to school dances. His lack of attendance is an example
of:
a.Passive avoidance learning
b.Active avoidance learning
c.Punishment I
d.Punishment II
5) Which one of the following best reflects technology-based collaborative learning as
the textbook describes it?
a.Two or more members of a class regularly meet on Internet chat rooms to study for
tests and quizzes.
b.High school students create a Facebook group; they then recruit peers from diverse
locations to join the group and exchange ideas about how best to deal with typical
teenage issues.
c.Students post their work on a shared database, give one another feedback, and build
on one anothers ideas.
d.Two classes in distant locations use video technology to learn about one anothers
cultures.
6) Many children lack metacognitive knowledge. This is most directly reflected in the
fact that they:
a.Tend to be easily distracted from schoolwork
b.Have difficulty with such mathematical concepts as proportions and negative numbers
c.Dont know very much about how they can best learn something
d.Dont do very well on intelligence test items requiring abstract thought
7) Considering research regarding when teacher-expectation effects are most likely to
occur, which teachers should be most careful to communicate high expectations for
students performance?
a.First and second grade teachers
b.Third and fourth grade teachers
c.Teachers of students who are beginning their second year of high school
d.Teachers of students who are finishing their final year of high school
8) Nick is extremely anxious whenever he takes a test. From a classical conditioning
perspective, a teacher can best reduce his anxiety by:
a.Giving him a few extremely difficult tests at first, and then gradually giving him
easier ones
b.Giving him a few easy tests while he is feeling relaxed
c.Reinforcing him for each test question he answers correctly
d.Reassuring him that he can do well if he tries hard
9) A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to:
a.Know the general meaning of material but not be able to repeat it verbatim
b.Elaborate on hard-to-remember material
c.Undergo conceptual change
d.Express surprise about a low exam score
10) Research indicates that people are more likely to be successful problem solvers in a
given subject area when they:
a.Pay considerable attention to details
b.Know the subject matter very well
c.Have had extensive training in logical thinking
d.Have already acquired problem-solving expertise in a very different subject area
11) Ms. Washington tries to ignore Warren when he tells jokes in class. But sometimes
Warren tells a joke so funny that Ms. Washington laughs in spite of herself. Rather than
decreasing his joke-telling, Warren begins telling even more outrageous jokes.
Inadvertently, Ms. Washington is modifying Warrens joke-telling behavior through:
a.stimulus discrimination
b.extinction
c.shaping
d.negative reinforcement
12) One of the following strategies, in addition to suppressing the punished behavior, is
likely to suppress similar misbehaviors as well. Furthermore, it is likely to be effective
even when punishment does not occur immediately. Which strategy best fits this
description?
a.Annette is told that she is a bad girl because she accidentally broke a window.
b.Beryl is placed in in-school suspension when she is verbally abusive towards her
classmates.
c.Carmella is sent to her room whenever she talks back to her mother.
d.Danielles mother scolds her for hitting others and explains that hitting can cause pain
and injury.
13) To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of
wind blowing through its mane. Barts technique illustrates:
a.the keyword method
b.verbal mediation
c.the method of loci
d.an external retrieval cue
14) Generally speaking, elaboration helps students learn new information. An exception
to this rule is when students elaborate on this information:
a.After having already organized it in a hierarchical fashion
b.Using previously stored erroneous information
c.Using information they stored many years earlier
d.Very quickly
15) John has just failed a testin a sense, his test performance has been punished. From
the perspective of attributions, is John likely to work harder to pass his next test?
a.Definitely not
b.Absolutely yes
c.Yes, provided that he believes his test performance is the result of something he didnt
do but could do next time
d.Yes, provided that his low test score is accompanied by information about strengths
and weaknesses about his performance.
16) Three of the following are examples of comprehension monitoring. Which one is
not?
a.Annette looks at all the headings and subheadings in a chapter before she begins to
read the chapter itself.
b.Bruce asks himself questions about the material he is reading and tries to answer
them.
c.Cara stops at the end of each section to see if she can summarize what shes just read.
d.After reading a chapter in a textbook, Dwayne makes sure he has accomplished the
objectives presented on the chapters first page.
17) A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is
most likely to say which of the following?
a.I have to work harder than my friends to learn to spell.
b.I can learn how to spell words correctly without even trying.
c.No matter how much I study words, I cant remember how to spell them.
d.I would learn to spell eventually, but its not worth the time it would take to do so.
18) Teachers and other practitioners must be very careful in their use of punishment as a
means of changing behavior. Three of the following are potential disadvantages in using
punishment. Which statement about punishment is false?
a.Punished behaviors typically decrease slowly, if at all.
b.Punishment can in some instances lead to increased aggression.
c.Harsh psychological punishment can adversely affect emotional well-being.
d.Punishment in the classroom can make students fearful of school and/or their teacher.
19) If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, research indicates
that an effective strategy would be to:
a.Tell them that how well they behave at the end of the day is really what counts
b.Ask them to focus on how good it feels to do something nice for a classmate
c.Talk about how their learning efforts today will pay off in the years to come
d.Occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger reward if they wait for an hour
or two
20) Which one of the following is the best example of a symbolic model?
a.An older brother or sister
b.The school principal
c.A detective on a television show
d.The police officer who lives next door