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1) Many operant conditioning theorists use the term reinforcement rather than reward
because:
a.The term reward can refer only to a material reinforcer.
b.The term reward can refer only to a social reinforcer.
c.One type of reinforcement (negative reinforcement) is actually a form of punishment.
d.The term reward implies a consequence that most people would judge to be desirable.
2) Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference
between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions
correctly. Noras problem remembering the difference between the words can probably
best be explained as:
a.failure to retrieve
b.construction error
c.failure to store
d.repression
3) Mr. Gaydos wants to teach a group of people how to perform the Heimlich
maneuver. Three of the following strategies should help his students learn the maneuver
more effectively. Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which
strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly?
a.Mr. Gaydos gives his students an opportunity to practice the maneuver on a realistic
human dummy.
b.Mr. Gaydos shows his students pictures of the various steps involved in the maneuver.
c.Mr. Gaydos describes Dr. Heimlichs medical background and his motivation for
developing the procedure.
d.Mr. Gaydos encourages his students to talk themselves through the procedure as they
perform it.
4) Which one of the following best illustrates the use of base groups in cooperative
learning?
a.Students in a third-grade class are divided into several different reading groups based
on their current reading levels.
b.Students in a social studies class work in groups of three or four to conduct in-depth
research projects in their local, inner-city neighborhood.
c.Students in a literature class select one of four Shakespearian plays to read; students
reading the same play convene for several half-hour discussions of the play.
d.Students in a history class spend the last five minutes of each class session in small,
semester-long groups in which they can compare class notes and help one another with
sources of confusion.
5) Which one of the following problems is most likely to be solved with a heuristic
rather than an algorithm?
a.Calculating the volume of a cylinder
b.Resolving an argument
c.Finding the word antonym in the dictionary
d.Locating books about spiders in the school library
6) Maria is what social cognitive theorists would describe as a self-regulating individual
when it comes to her moral behavior. Given this information, which one of the
following descriptions best describes Marias moral behavior?
a.She works for social incentives; for example, she contributes to charity if she thinks
that other people will like her better for doing so.
b.She behaves in morally appropriate ways only when she thinks other people are
watching her.
c.She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong, but those standards
seldom influence the way she actually behaves.
d.She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feels
guilty when she violates those standards.
7) Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a.When Kevin does his homework, his teacher praises him profusely, to the point that it
embarrasses him.
b.When Kathleen insults another student while waiting in line for lunch, her teacher
moves her to the end of the line.
c.When Lucas complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows
him to come in from recess on bitterly cold days.
d.When Priscilla answers a teachers question incorrectly, Mike teases her unmercifully.
8) Kiki is confident that shell do well in the advanced math course she is taking this
year. Given this information, which one of the following is most likely to be true about
Kiki?
a.She will put in only the minimal amount of effort she will need to get a good grade in
the class.
b.She will procrastinate in doing her assignments, sometimes to the point that it is
impossible to complete them successfully.
c.She will be intrinsically motivated to learn the new ideas and procedures presented in
the class.
d.During class time she will focus more on social relationships with classmates than on
course material.
9) Three of the following statements are accurate descriptions of long-term memory.
Which one is not necessarily accurate?
a.Information can last for a lengthy period of time, although not necessarily forever.
b.Retrieval of information from long-term memory is sometimes difficult.
c.Much of the information stored there is stored in terms of general meanings.
d.The more information it contains, the less room it has for new material.
10) Three of the following teaching strategies may foster students acquisition of a
theory about phenomena in the natural world. Which strategy is least likely to be
effective in fostering students theory development?
a.Show a diagram of the human digestive system.
b.Ask students to memorize a one-paragraph summary of how mitosis occurs.
c.Describe heat as something that flows from one object to another.
d.Engage students in a discussion about the forces that affect an arrows movement as it
is shot from a bow.
11) According to social cognitive theorists, learning is unlikely to occur in one of the
following situations. Which one?
a.Anastasia watches her father light a match, but she is not allowed to light one herself.
b.Bert watches professional basketball players shoot baskets, but he will not have a
chance to shoot baskets himself until the following day.
c.Corinnas teacher gives her a good grade on her paper because it was neatly written,
but Corinna doesnt realize that neatness counts.
d.Dustin expects to get a good grade for an assignment, but his teacher tells him she is
subtracting points because he is turning it in two days late.
12) Six-year-old Jack has recently learned to appreciate the value of money, so his
father assigns him some simple housekeeping chores to be performed throughout the
week. He tells Jack that completion of these chores will earn him an allowance of one
dollar every Saturday. Jack rarely completes his chores. From an operant conditioning
perspective, which one of the following is most likely to be the reason why Jack is not
doing his chores?
a.There is a delay in reinforcement.
b.Reinforcement is not contingent on the desired response.
c.Money is rarely an effective reinforcer for people.
d.The reinforcer is presented before the response.
13) A mother in Montana wants to teach her four-year-old son to stay away from the
bears that occasionally wander into the backyard; in other words, she wants him to be
afraid of bears. On the other hand, she doesnt want her son to fear such other large
animals as cows and horses. Below are four possible approaches she might take. Which
one is based on Pavlovs view of how stimulus discrimination develops?
a.She takes her son to a zoo, where he can see bears in cages; she then takes him to a
neighbors dairy farm, where he can pet several dogs, cows, and horses.
b.She shows the child several pictures of growling, fierce-looking bears.
c.Using language the child can understand, she explains that bears are not to be cuddled
and played with in the same way that teddy bears are.
d.She turns on a loud, startling siren every time a bear approaches; she also makes sure
the child has numerous contacts with other animals in quieter contexts.
14) When memory theorists talk about control processes, they are talking about:
a.Observable behaviors (e.g., walking to a new location) that affect what information in
the environment is encountered
b.How the environment structures peoples opportunities to learn new things
c.The methods that teachers use to facilitate a learners memory for information
d.Cognitive processes that affect storage and retrieval of information
