1) Three of the following teachers are likely to enhance students motivation to do well
in the classroom. Which one is unlikely to do so?
a.Mr. Avalon makes sure his classroom assessments are good measures of his classroom
objectives.
b.Mr. Brandt is full of surprises; his students never know what hell ask them to do next.
c.Mr. Cisneros sometimes asks his students to work together on group projects.
d.Mr. Dobson describes the terrible living conditions on the ships that brought African
slaves to the New World during the 1600s, and the students become quite angry about
how some of their ancestors behaved.
2) Based on the textbooks discussion, you might best think of attention as being a
process of:
a.Turning ones sensory receptors in the direction of desired information
b.Making stronger responses to bright or loud stimuli
c.Focusing ones cognitive processes on certain stimuli in the environment
d.Filtering out unwanted information, in much the same way that an oil filter removes
unwanted particles
3) After explaining what sines and cosines are, a high school math teacher shows
students how they might use these concepts in constructing a large building. Which one
of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate?
a.Over time, self-talk gradually evolves into inner speech.
b.Thought and language become increasingly interdependent with age.
c.Acquiring the cognitive tools of ones culture enables youngsters to live and work
more effectively.
d.Children function more effectively when they work at their actual (rather than
potential) developmental levels.
4) A smoker is asked to smoke one cigarette after another until she is unable to continue
any longer. Which method for breaking bad habits is best illustrated in this situation?
a.Threshold method
b.Consolidation method
c.Exhaustion method
d.Incompatible stimulus method
5) Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a
classroom test. Now he refuses to take tests, saying he is too frightened to do so. He has
learned to associate tests with the pain of punishment. From the perspective of classical
conditioning, the painful punishment is:
a.An unconditioned stimulus
b.An unconditioned response
c.A conditioned stimulus
d.A conditioned response
6) Which one of the following best describes Piagets notion of equilibration?
a.A child assimilates without accommodating.
b.A child doesnt encounter any new or challenging ideas.
c.A child revises existing schemes to better understand new phenomenon.
d.A child has difficulty explaining new events using existing schemes.
7) Which one of the following statements best describes how learners are apt to acquire
procedural knowledge?
a.In some cases, learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice,
it gradually becomes procedural knowledge.
b.Learners initially learn it as one or more auditory images; eventually, they recode it
into visual images.
c.Learners typically acquire it in a rapid, all-or-none fashion; one minute they dont have
it, the next minute they do.
d.In acquiring procedural knowledge, learners bypass working memory; the knowledge
goes immediately from the sensory register into long-term memory.
8) The four researchers below are all conducting research on how people learn paired
associates. Which of them is most clearly drawing an inference about a cognitive
process?
a.Dr. Andrade tells some people to repeat each pair out loud several times, and these
people perform better than people not told to repeat pairs. He concludes that oral
repetition facilitates learning.
b.Dr. Barnard tells some people to form a visual image of each pair, and these people
remember more pairs correctly than subjects not told to form images. She concludes
that visual imagery facilitates learning.
c.Dr. Carrera records the brain waves of people studying paired associates and subjects
quietly meditating. She observes that there are different patterns of brain waves for the
two activities.
d.Dr. Davis compares how similarly twins and pairs of unrelated children learn paired
associates. Finding greater similarity in the performance of twins, he concludes that
learning ability is influenced by heredity.
9) Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of
psychology, Luana is probably in Alexanders ______ stage in the development of
expertise.
a.acclimation
b.competence
c.implicit knowledge
d.undergeneralization
10) Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the
following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?
a.The part of long-term memory being searched
b.How the information was stored in the first place
c.The duration of working memory
d.Relevant retrieval cues
11) Which one of the following examples best illustrates the notion of situated learning
as it relates to transfer?
a.When Rachel learns the concept inertia, she immediately recalls a variety of
real-world phenomena that the concept can account for.
b.Lucinda doesnt enjoy her history class because her teacher expects students to
memorize a lot of names, dates, and places.
c.Eleanor enjoys physical education class because she always feels more energized
afterward.
d.It doesnt occur to Jennie that she can use algebra to solve a problem in her chemistry
class.
12) Which one of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
a.Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts
helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.
b.Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed
rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
c.Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class. She quickly takes her
own gum out of her mouth.
d.David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics
homework, but David doesnt want to work that hard.
13) Which one of the following students exhibits a self-conscious emotion?
a.Krista is happy that her teacher has put her in the same cooperative group as her
friend Darby.
b.Jacob feels ashamed that he missed an easy field goal during a soccer game.
c.For the past several months, Raina has been depressed about her parents divorce.
d.Leo is excited that his class is going to the natural history museum next week.
14) Which one of these students has a performance-approach goal?
a.Frank finds a homework assignment too easy to waste his time on.
b.Herb frequently asks questions in class in order to understand the information better.
c.Selena decides to enter the school science fair in hopes of impressing her teacher,
classmates, and parents.
d.Rita was disappointed by her last test score in math. Realizing that people learn from
their mistakes, she decides to study harder for the next test using different study
strategies.
15) Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?
a.To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef (F A C E), Annabelle
simply remembers the word face.
b.To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various
parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately.
c.To learn that the Spanish word pjaro means bird, Corey pictures a bird wearing
pajamas.
d.To learn that the Spanish word navidad means Christmas, Dorene thinks of the word
nativity.
16) Mark needs to learn the planets of the solar system listed in the order of their
proximity to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune. If we consider the serial learning curve, which planets will probably be the
most difficult for Mark to learn?
a.The planets closest to the sun (e.g., Mercury, Venus)
b.The middle planets (e.g., Mars, Jupiter)
c.The planets farthest from the sun (e.g., Uranus, Neptune)
d.The planets at the two ends of the list (e.g., Mercury, Neptune)
17) Modeling is often facilitated by memory codes. Three of the following are examples
of such codes. Which one does not specifically illustrate a memory code?
a.While trying to remember how to do a front walk-over, Andrew visualizes how he
saw his gymnastics coach do it a few minutes ago.
b.Beatrice successfully recalls how to make crepe batter simply by thinking, eggs, milk,
flour, oil.
c.Charlenes father shows her how to use a radial arm saw. Charlene listens closely in
order to remember his verbal description of what he is doing.
d.David wears the same style of clothing his friends wear, even though hes never been
reinforced for doing so.