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1) One effective educational practice is to chart students progress over time so that
students can see their improvement. These progress charts often lead to higher student
achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement. The
effectiveness of such charts in changing behavior illustrates the importance of
reinforcement:
a.As a feedback mechanism
b.As an immediate, rather than delayed, consequence
c.As a delayed, rather than immediate, consequence
d.In standardized achievement testing
2) Four students in Ms. Bennetts social studies class have to give an oral report on a
country of their choosing. Which one of the students exhibits behavior consistent with a
mastery goal?
a.When Eldon gives his report on Hungary, he stands straight and speaks clearly
because he wants to impress his teacher and fellow students with his knowledge and
ability.
b.Francis wants to give a good presentation on the United Arab Emirates because he
needs to improve his overall class grade.
c.John does his report on Spain because that is where his family is from. He has
enjoyed talking to his grandfather about what it is like to live in Spain.
d.As Holly gives her report on Mongolia, she is very nervous. She is afraid she might
make a fool of herself in front of her classmates.
3) Look at this word:
KITE
Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated
180. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that
part of your working memory known as the:
a.visuospatial sketchpad
b.reticular formation
c.phonological loop
d.sensory register
4) Leo has recently studied the principle of reinforcement in his psychology class. He is
now trying to teach his daughter good table manners. From an information processing
perspective of transfer, is Leo likely to use the principle of reinforcement in helping his
daughter learn manners?
a.Definitely yes
b.Definitely no
c.Only if he retrieves the principle of reinforcement at the time he is teaching his
daughter
d.Only if he has previously learned the principle of reinforcement to a level of
automaticity
5) If you wanted students to learn how to critically evaluate what they read on Internet
websites, you would be most likely to:
a.Ask students to consider the motives of the people creating the websites
b.Suggest that students check to see how recently the information was posted on the
websites
c.Urge students to disregard any websites that arent sponsored by a well-respected
agency or organization
d.Tell students that websites with eye-catching graphics are usually designed by
professionals and therefore offer credible information
6) Which one of the following examples best shows one or more students using a
procedure known as guided peer questioning (also known as elaborative interrogation)
while studying?
a.As LaWanda and Megan study their history book together, they take turns making up
and asking each other questions about why various historical events may have
happened the way they did.
b.As she reads a classmates short story, Suzette develops a list of questions that she
would ask the author about why he wrote the story the way he did.
c.Vance and Cindy make notations in their class notes regarding things they dont
understand and need to ask their teacher about.
d.As Lynette, Martin, and Fred study for a science quiz one evening, they go over the
questions on the study guide their teacher handed out in class that day; they know that if
they can answer all the questions successfully, they will do well on the quiz.
7) Whenever Gisela has a fight with her boyfriend, she remembers the times he has
treated her poorly. But later, when he sends her a dozen roses to apologize for hurting
her, she remembers how thoughtful and caring he can often be. Giselas change of heart
can best be explained using the concept of:
a.sensation seeking
b.challenge (as opposed to threat)
c.need to avoid failure
d.mood-dependent memory
8) When teachers increase their wait time from one second to three seconds, other
things are likely to change as well. Which one of the following is not a typical outcome
of increasing wait time?
a.Teachers expectations for student performance increase.
b.Teachers ask students more challenging questions.
c.Teachers pursue some topics in greater depth.
d.Teachers give more complex answers to their own questions.
9) Three of the following teaching practices are consistent with Piagets theory of
cognitive development. Which one is not?
a.A second-grade teacher encourages students to (1) speculate about possible
explanations regarding why kites of different shapes fly differently and then (2) test
each explanation systematically.
b.A ninth-grade science uses a three-dimensional model of the solar system to illustrate
her explanation of why its warmer in summer than in winter.
c.When a high school student claims that people should Make love, not war, his teacher
urges him to consider whether such an approach would have been advisable when the
Fascist movement was gaining ground in Europe in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
d.When 7-year-old Martin says that two nickels are worth more than one dime because
there are two of them and theyre bigger, his teacher asks, How can that be? Two nickels
are worth ten cents, and one dime is also worth ten cents.
10) In Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, what important role does inner
speech play?
a.By giving themselves directions about the things to do and in what order, children
guide themselves through complex tasks.
b.By using words mentally as well as orally, children develop more abstract
representations of the world.
c.By practicing various grammatical structures mentally, children acquire more
complex language capabilities.
d.By talking to themselves about what they should have done or said in a particular
situation, children remember the situation more vividly.
11) From an expectancies/values perspective, which one of the following boys is most
likely to want to learn how to swim?
a.Antonios parents promise him a new bike if he can learn to swim.
b.Bernie plays for hours on end in the bathtub.
c.Chips older brother almost drowned last year.
d.Drew is pretty sure he can learn to swim if he tries.
12) Shawn has to run the 50-yard dash in physical education. He thinks he has little
chance of winning the race but worries about what his friends will think when he loses.
Considering research about learners who have an entity view of ability, select the course
of action Shawn is most likely to follow.
a.Try to stay right behind the fastest runner.
b.Intentionally run slowly.
c.Run as hard as he can but make excuses about why he lost.
d.Run as hard as he can and convince himself that he won the race even though he
didnt.
13) Virginia is 7 years old. Georgia is 14 years old. Both girls like to write short stories,
but neither is a very writer. Virginia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:
a.Good writing is all a matter of luck.
b.She has little chance of ever writing professionally.
c.She can become an excellent writer if she continues to work at it.
d.Professional writing is beyond the reach of all but a few very talented individuals.
14) Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be
studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most
likely to respond to this argument?
a.Modern technology allows us to study thought processes very precisely.
b.By studying peoples responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about
thought processes that may underlie those responses.
c.We study mental events, which arent the same thing as thinking.
d.We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them to describe their
thoughts. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively.
15) Practitioners who use applied behavior analysis to bring about behavior change in a
student or client do not always rely solely on behaviorist principles; in many cases, they
also incorporate cognitive elements into the strategies they employ. As examples of
such cognitive behavior modification, they may use three of the following strategies.
Which strategy is not likely to be part of cognitive behavior modification?
a.They may give verbal guidance to help the learner execute desired behaviors
effectively.
b.They may model desired behaviors while the learner observes them doing so.
c.They may ask the learner to think about various ways of solving a social problem and
then identify the most effective response.
d.They may have the learner read case studies about how other people have responded
in similar problem situations.
16) Imagine that you want to improve a distractible childs ability to sit still and listen in
class. Which one of the following procedures illustrates how you might use shaping to
do so?
a.Explain the purpose of sitting quietly before reinforcement begins.
b.Reinforce the child for sitting still on some occasions, but not on others.
c.Reinforce the child for sitting still and listening for only a minute, then for
progressively longer and longer periods of time.
d.Frequently change the specific consequence you use to reinforce sitting
still-and-listening behavior (e.g., you might use candy a few times, then praise, then
privileges, and so on).
17) Which one of the following teaching strategies, while possibly beneficial in other
ways, is least likely to foster productive dispositions in students?
a.Asking students to justify their opinions with evidence or logic
b.Modeling open-mindedness about diverse perspectives on global warming
c.Teaching students a particular algorithm to follow in solving math problems
d.Helping students understand that in a research study, correlation between two
variables does not necessarily mean that one variable is the cause of the other
18) Three of the following are typical elements of effective cooperative learning
sessions. Which one is not typical of such sessions?
a.To succeed, group members must depend on one another.
b.Groups consist of several students of similar ability.
c.Group members must individually demonstrate what they have learned.
d.Groups work toward clear, concrete goals.
19) In her first trip to a zoo, 7-year-old Latisha notices that leopards have paws very
similar in shape to her cat Snowballs paws. She also notices that leopards walk in much
the same way that Snowball does. Latisha starts to wonder if perhaps leopards are cats.
Latishas thinking illustrates Piagets idea that thought is characterized by:
a.egocentrism
b.conservation
c.use of schemes
d.compartmentalization
