1) Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher, Ms.
Washington, used to laugh at Warrens funny remarks, but is now trying to discourage
Warrens disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In behaviorist terminology, Ms.
Washington is now trying to modify Warrens joke-telling behavior through:
a.stimulus discrimination
b.extinction
c.shaping
d.negative reinforcement
2) An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:
a.Lessens the working memory load for a task involving those skills
b.Facilitates the development of schemas and scripts for those skills
c.Facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills
d.Facilitates the internal organization of those skills
3) Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled
readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?
a.Skilled readers probably attend to all of the words in a sentence, whereas beginning
readers overlook many of the words.
b.Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning
readers often overlook the first letters of a word.
c.Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning
readers often overlook the last letters of a word.
d.Skilled readers probably attend to fewer letters and words than beginning readers.
4) Three of the following are consistent with the textbooks recommendations for using
peer tutoring. Which one is inconsistent with the textbooks recommendations?
a.Peer tutoring can be used effectively to help students diagnosed as having learning
disabilities.
b.Tutors function most effectively when left to teach in ways that they develop on their
own.
c.Teachers should continually monitor the effects of peer tutoring to be sure that both
the tutors and the students being tutored are learning from the process.
d.Tutors are typically most effective when they themselves have mastered the subject
matter they are teaching.
5) Mr. Fremont tells his French class, La plume means pen. Which one of the following
students in his class is exhibiting Tolmans notion of latent learning?
a.Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, La plume means pen.
b.Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French
word plume as plum.
c.Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isnt
paying attention.
d.Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for pen the
next day.
6) Of the many learning and study strategies students might use, covert strategies are
ultimately more beneficial than overt strategies. Which one of the following is a covert
strategy?
a.Elaboration
b.Note taking
c.Outlining
d.Writing a summary
7) Which one of the following is the best example of a reflex as psychologists define
the term?
a.Going to sleep when you are tired
b.Feeling sad when a close relative dies
c.Pulling your foot away from a painful object
d.Jumping up and down for joy when you get a good grade
8) Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days he has
physical education. He is getting angry with himself regarding his chronic forgetfulness
about appropriate footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of
television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Marks teacher is
suggesting that Mark use:
a.Self-monitoring
b.Self-reinforcement
c.Vicarious reinforcement
d.Intermittent reinforcement
9) Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as behaviorists define
it?
a.Kelly has been acting up in the classroom all year. Her teachers frequent reprimands
havent made much of a difference in Kellys behavior.
b.Leo is a real distraction to his classmates, often burping in a way that makes other
students laugh. His teacher places him in a corner where others cant hear him burping.
c.Whenever Marvin has trouble sitting still, his teacher has him run up and down the
hall three times to release pent-up energy.
d.After Nora spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmates
feelings, she is more careful not to hurt her peers feelings in the future.
10) Mr. Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of evolution. Ellen is
sitting in the front row, but her mind is on the fight she had with her best friend just
before class. Based on this information, how far in Ellens memory system did Mr.
Wagners lecture get?
a.It reached the sensory register.
b.It reached working memory.
c.It reached long-term memory.
d.It never got into the memory system at all.
11) If you were interested in how a childs culture influences cognitive development,
you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development.
a.Piagets
b.Vygotskys
c.neo-Piagetian theorists
d.information processing theorists
12) Central to Vygotskys theory of cognitive development is the idea that children
increasingly make better sense of their world:
a.Through the mental processes of assimilation and accommodation
b.By repeatedly encountering both pleasant and unpleasant events in their daily lives
c.Through their independent explorations of their physical and social environments
d.By interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings