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1) Relationships with peers are often foremost in 12-year-old Jonathans mind and can
have a huge impact on his emotional state. For example, when classmates treat him
well, hes quite happy and self-assured, but when someone snubs him or makes fun of
him, he becomes very depressed and thinks, No one likes me. Which one of the
following concepts related to motivation best explains Jonathans significant mood
swings?
a.contingent self-worth
b.self-handicapping
c.self-actualization
d.need for achievement
2) Which one of the following statements provides the most credible explanation for the
fact that human beings seem to surpass all other animal species in their thinking and
learning capacities?
a.Only human beings have the capability to make tools.
b.Humans communicate regularly with one another and, in doing so, pass along what
theyve learned to future generations.
c.Human beings have a huge repertoire of instinctual behaviors from which they can
draw when they encounter new experiences.
d.Human brains are smaller than those of other intelligent species (e.g., elephants,
dolphins) and therefore can transmit messages more quickly and efficiently.
3) Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?
a.Knowing who shot Martin Luther King, Jr.
b.Remembering the twelve months of the year in their correct order
c.Knowing how to keep your balance on a bicycle even on a bumpy road
d.Knowing why the moon has different phases (e.g., half moon, full moon)
4) The student will correctly point to the location of all fifty states. This statement is
missing one of the three recommended components of behavioral objectives. Which
component is missing?
a.The method of instruction
b.An observable and measurable behavior
c.The criterion for judging acceptable performance
d.The conditions under which the behavior should be exhibited
5) Three of the following ideas are integral parts of social cognitive theory. Which one
is not?
a.Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
b.Reinforcement has an effect on learning, albeit an indirect one.
c.Reinforcement can have an effect not only on the person being reinforced but on other
individuals as well.
d.Peoples behaviors are always the direct results of the specific environments in which
they live.
6) Alex loses his best friend Tyler when he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that
tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tylers friendship is an example of:
a.Negative reinforcement
b.Avoidance learning
c.Punishment I
d.Punishment II
7) Peter does his homework immediately after he gets home from school so he wont
have to worry about it any more. The consequence of Peters doing his homework can
best be categorized as:
a.Positive reinforcement
b.Negative reinforcement
c.Punishment I
d.Punishment II
8) Whenever Elliott thinks about science, he also thinks about how much he likes
science. Which one of the following statements best explains this situation?
a.Elliotts liking of science is an excellent example of Hulls theory that behavior
strength = habit drive.
b.In the brain, peoples affective responses to topics may be closely connected to their
knowledge about those topics.
c.Elliotts love of science suggests that he is a sensation seeker.
d.Elliotts strong interest in science reflects an interplay of hot cognition and
self-conscious emotions.
9) Three of the following statements are consistent with research findings about factors
that influence brain development. Which statement has not been supported by research?
a.Genetic factors predispose some people to learning difficulties or mental illness.
b.High levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to mental retardation.
c.High levels of toxic substances (e.g., lead, pesticides) have their greatest negative
impact after puberty.
d.Opportunities to learn certain skills may lead to detectable differences in brain
structures or patterns of brain activation.
10) Day after day, Raymonds history teacher lectures about the subject matter in a dry,
unengaging manner and expects students simply to sit quietly and take notes. To make
class a little more exciting for himself and the students sitting near him, Raymond often
draws cartoon faces on the tips of his fingers and performs little finger-puppet shows at
his desk. Raymonds behavior in class can probably best be explained as
a.Satisfying his need for arousal
b.Enabling him to achieve self-actualization
c.Reflecting a high need for achievement
d.Reducing cognitive dissonance
11) Social cognitive theorists have studied the role of modeling on aggressive behavior.
Which one of the following conclusions cannot be drawn from their research?
a.Children model aggression only when the model is the same sex as themselves.
b.Children can learn aggressive behavior by watching adult models as well as children.
c.Children who observe aggression in films and video games are more likely to be
aggressive.
d.Children are less aggressive when they observe a nonaggressive model than when
they observe no model at all.
