1) Which one of the following is an accurate statement regarding research on
eyewitness testimony?
a.Males remember events more accurately than females.
b.Females remember events more accurately than males.
c.What is remembered is influenced by the question asked.
d.What is remembered is influenced by the capacity (amount of storage space) of ones
long-term memory capacity.
2) Judging from the brief descriptions below, which of these four teachers is most likely
to be using a mastery learning approach?
a.Mr. Andrews lectures each week on different American novels. Students must attend
at least 80% of these lectures.
b.Ms. Bennett begins each class by asking students what they would most like to study
that day.
c.Mr. Carlton has divided his physics course into 15 discrete units that students study
individually at their own rate.
d.Ms. Dominguez teaches children the basics of mathematics by using such concrete
objects as blocks and sticks.
3) Which one of the following most clearly illustrates vertical (as opposed to lateral)
transfer?
a.The skill Arnold has developed as a marathon runner helps him later in life when he
jogs for exercise.
b.Brian has learned study skills in his history class that he also finds useful in his
English literature class.
c.Conways knowledge of addition and subtraction helps him learn accounting
procedures.
d.Davids knowledge of the human digestive system helps him understand the digestive
system of an earthworm.
4) From the perspective of social cognitive theory, which one of the following children
most clearly shows a key ingredient of self-regulation?
a.Anne does her chores so that she will get her weekly allowance.
b.Bob is proud of the fact that he always keeps a promise.
c.Carol knows she will be tested on the information being presented in class.
d.Donald refrains from punching a classmate because he thinks his teacher might be
watching.
5) Which one of the following common expressions best reflects the idea of distributed
cognition?
a.A stitch in time saves nine.
b.Two heads are better than one.
c.Look before you leap.
d.A rolling stone gathers no moss.
6) Which one of the following situations best illustrates the role of drive reduction in
behavior?
a.After not having had time for either breakfast or lunch, Adam eats three hamburgers
and a plateful of french fries for dinner.
b.Bernice is intrigued by her psychology course because it helps her understand why
she and her friends do some of the things they do when they interact.
c.Connor works out at the gym each day; his goal is to win the title of Mr. Fitness.
d.Debbie brings her knitting with her on a long bus trip so shell have something to do to
pass the time.
7) The major advantage of using Blooms taxonomy in developing objectives is that the
taxonomy:
a.Helps in the formulation of criteria for judging acceptable performance
b.Encourages educators to address higher-level skills as well as factual knowledge
c.Identifies an indisputable order in which various skills should be taught
d.Specifies the most appropriate instructional method for every topic in the curriculum
8) Three of the following conditions appear to be important for the development of a
learners internalized motivation. Which one of the following is probably not an
important condition for internalized motivation to develop?
a.Important people in the learners life have expectations for his or her behavior and will
impose consequences for inappropriate behavior.
b.The learner is capable of abstract thought; from a Piagetian perspective, the learner
has advanced to the formal operations stage.
c.The learner has some autonomy in terms of choosing how to act in various situations.
d.The learner feels the warmth and support of important people in his or her
environment.
9) The textbook describes Meichenbaums five steps for teaching a child how to regulate
his or her own behavior. Which one of the following most accurately summarizes these
steps?
a.An adult models the use of self-instructions while performing a task, then encourages
the child to use similar self-instructions, first aloud and then silently, while performing
the same task.
b.An adult uses direct reinforcement and then vicarious reinforcement to teach the child
a new behavior. Eventually, the adult asks the child to use self-reinforcement for the
same behavior.
c.An adult teaches the child how to use self-monitoring to develop increasingly more
complex behaviors related to a difficult task.
d.An adult first encourages the child to identify easy and achievable standards for
performance. Over time, the adult asks the child to raise these standards and to work
toward accomplishing them.
10) To pass the time one day, Keisha multiplies 2 by 2 by 2 by 2 … and so on, on her
calculator. She observes that the products increase in size more dramatically with each
calculation. A few weeks later, when her math teacher explains what it means for
something to increase exponentially, Keisha realizes that she has already discovered this
idea on her own, and she remembers it better as a result. Which one of the following
concepts best characterizes Keishas enhanced understanding of an exponential
increase?
a.The generation effect
b.Internal organization
c.A meaningful learning set
d.Implicit knowledge
11) Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative
reinforcement and punishment?
a.Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the
negative connotations that punishment has.
b.Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment
decreases it.
c.Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas
punishment often increases it.
d.Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students
angry and defiant.
12) Three of the following are definite examples of scaffolding. Identify the situation in
which no scaffolding is described.
a.Ms. Ayotte likes to challenge her students by giving them group research projects. She
puts her students in groups of three or four students each, and she gives each student a
topic to research. She sends the groups to the school library to find out as much as they
can about their topic, and then has each group give a report to the entire class.
b.Mr. Bender is teaching a unit on beginning tennis. In the early stages of teaching a
correct tennis swing, he uses an automatic ball server that serves balls with consistent
speed, height, and direction. He also continually reminds students to Keep your eye on
the ball and Hold your arm straight. Later in the unit he begins to serve the balls
himself, varying the speed, height, and direction of the serves. And he reminds students
of what to do much less frequently.
c.Ms. Carrera helps students solve math word problems by providing visual illustrations
of the elements of the problem and by showing them similar problems that have been
worked out correctly. As the weeks go by, she provides fewer and fewer visual
illustrations and fewer and fewer worked-out examples, until eventually the students
can solve the problems without either form of assistance.
d.Mr. Donaldsons students are just beginning to learn how to take notes in class. For the
first few weeks Mr. D. begins class by handing out a detailed outline about the topic for
the day. By December he is handing out an outline covering only the main points of the
day, encouraging students to fill in the blank spaces on the sheet with ideas relative to
each point. By May, students are writing down main points and relevant details on their
own.
13) Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is stored in
long-term memory as:
a.productions
b.propositions
c.verbal codes
d.images
14) Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he
dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piagets notion of:
a.concrete operations
b.accommodation
c.cognitive structure
d.assimilation
15) Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the
young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces
together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can
say that the parents are:
a.Presenting tasks that exceed the students zone of proximal development
b.Encouraging the separation of thought and language
c.Engaging the students in guided participation
d.Helping each student work at his or her actual developmental level
16) Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed
cognition?
a.Jacquie, Linda, and DeWayne discuss various ways they might solve a physics
problem.
b.Mark, Jason, and Leanne each solve one third of their homework problems and then
share their results with the other two.
c.Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while simultaneously eating an apple
and doing her homework.
d.Reginald thinks about the various plots he might use in the short story he is writing
and then eventually chooses one of them.
17) Sarah needs to learn how to spell 40 words for a spelling test tomorrow. Sarah
wants to perform as well as she possibly can on the test. Based on findings from verbal
learning research, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?
a.Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters silently to yourself.
b.Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters out loud.
c.Spell the words until you know them all perfectly.
d.Spell the words until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice
spelling them several more times.
18) While working on a series of math problems, Kate stops after each problem to ask
her teacher, Did I do this right? or Is this one OK? With this information in mind, which
one of the following is most likely to be true about Kate?
a.She has a high need for affiliation.
b.She has a high need for approval.
c.She has a high need for achievement.
d.She has a high motive to avoid failure.