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What is the formula for calculating the maximum heart rate? a. maximum heart rate = 220 – (age in years) b. maximum heart rate = 250- (age in years x 2) c. maximum heart rate = 220 – (age in […]

At body temperature, how much oxygen is transported in the plasma if the PaO2 is 70 mm Hg? a. 0.21 vol% b. 21 vol % c. 0.021 vol % d. 2.1 vol% In a resting adult, what is the term […]

Which portion of an ECG tracing represents atrial depolarization? a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. U wave How much oxygen can dissolve in a plasma at body temperature? a. 0.003 mL/dL/mmHg PO2 b. 0.03 mL/dL/mmHg PO2 […]

Which hemodynamic parameter is a reflection of the contractility of the left ventricle? a. LVSWI b. cardiac output c. CI d. stroke volume When breathing FIO2 1.0 at seal level, what would the PN2 in the alveoli equal? a. 0 […]

Which lung volumes or capacities would decrease in an obstructive pulmonary disorder? I. IC II. VC III. IRV IV. ERV a. I, II, III, and IV only b. I, III, and IV only c. II, III, and IV only d. […]

What is derived when the pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli is divided by the flowrate? a. airway resistance b. surface tension c. lung compliance d. chest wall compliance What would the partial pressure of oxygen equal in an […]

What is the term for the viscous layer of the mucous blanket? a. gel b. sol c. basal d. epoxic Which of the following influence the volume of dissolved gas that moves into a diver’s tissues during a deep dive? […]

At rest, what portion of the muscle capillaries are dilated? a. 20-25% b. 2-5% c. 30-35% d. 5-10% In the newborn, at what angles do the right and left mainstem bronchi form with the trachea? a. both form a 55 […]

What is the minimum amount reduced hemoglobin that must be present for cyanosis to appear? a. 5 g% b. 1 % c. 3g% d. 7g% Which gas law can be used to calculate the changes in gas volumes and pressures […]

What volume of carbon dioxide is produced per minute by the average adult at rest? a. 200 mL/min b. 250 mL/min c. 100 mL/min d. 150 mL/min To what structure is the uvula attached? a. soft palate b. hard palate […]

How is oxygen diffusion affected when pulmonary edema is present? a. Diffusion is indirectly related to thickness of the a-c membrane so diffusion will decrease b. Diffusion is indirectly related to the thickness of the a-c membrane so diffusion will […]

Where are eosinophils primarily located? a. lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts b. alveoli c. above the vocal cords d. kidneys, liver, and lining of therespiratory tract What is the term for the C-fibers located near the alveolar capillaries? […]

Which type of anemia is due to snake venom? a. hemolytic b. hemorrhagic c. pernicious d. aplastic Which low voltage wave may become more prominent in the presence of electrolyte disturbances, heart disease, or certain medications? a. U wave b. […]

What is the term for the pressure difference that occurs across the airway wall ? a. Transmural pressure b. Transrespiratory pressure c. Transpulmonary pressure d. Transthoracic pressure Which pulmonary disorder results secondary to left ventricular failure? a. pulmonary edema b. […]

What does the presence of phosphatidyglycerol (PG) in the amniotic fluid indicate? a. low risk of development of respiratory distress b. high risk of development of respiratory distress c. immature fetal lungs d. uncertain fetal lung maturity What is the […]

Which ions account for over 90% of the positively charged ions in extracellular fluid? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca+ d. Mg+ What is the term for the movement of gas from the external environment to the alveoli ? a. […]

What is the term for the total of all nights of lost sleep? a. sleep debt b. sleep latency c. exhaustion quotient d. sleepiness quotient How would the body respond to a systemic capillary pressure of 22 mm Hg? a. […]

What type of epithelium is present in the posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity? a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar b. cuboidal c. stratified squamous d. pseudostratified squamous In the Global Initiative for COPD, which category of COPD is considered severe COPD? […]

What is the clinical term for an inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart? a. pericarditis b. endocarditis c. pleurisy d. myocarditis Where does blood collected by the thebesian veins empty? a. right and left atria b. left ventricle c. […]

What effect do propranolol and isoproterenol have on CI? a. Propranolol will decrease CI; isoproterenol will increase CI b. Propranolol will increase CI; isoproterenol will decrease CI c. Both will increase CI d. Both will decrease CI What is the […]

What is “best PEEP”? a. The PEEP level that has the least hemodynamic compromise and the maximum total oxygen delivery b. The PEEP level that has the lowest effect on PaCO2 c. The PEEP level that delivers the highest PaO2 […]

Which of the following statements are true regarding a capnogram? I. It is a direct measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungs II. It is an indirect measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungs III. It is an indirect measurement […]

How do the VCs lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes compared to those born and raised at high altitudes? a. The VCs of native high altitude residents remain larger b. After 2-3 days, the VCs are the same size c. […]

What does a P50 of 30 indicate? a. a rightward shift of the curve meaning a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2 b. a rightward shift of the curve meaning an increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2 c. a leftward […]

Which structures form the upper third of the nose? I. Nasal bones II. Frontal process of maxilla III. Lateral nasal cartilage IV. Greater alar cartilage a. I and II only b. I , II, and III only c. I. II, […]

What are the boundaries of the pulmonary vascular system? a. pulmonary trunk to left atrium b. right atrium to left atrium c. aorta to right atrium d. aorta to left ventricle In the ideal alveolar gas equation, what does 1.25 […]

Which of the following can occur with decompression sickness? I. Joint pain II. Chest Pain and Coughing III. Paresthesia and Paralysis IV. Circulatory Failure a. I, II, III, and IV b. I only c. I, II, and IV d. I […]

At body temperature and a PaO2 of 500 mmHg, how much oxygen can dissolve in the plasma? a. 1.5 vol% b. 0.15 vol% c. 15 vol% d. 0.015 vol% What is the definition of molecular water? a. water in the […]

How does the normal adult’s respiratory pattern change when lung compliance decreases? a. respiratory rate increases and tidal volume decreases b. respiratory rate decreases and tidal volume increase c. respiratory rate and tidal volume increase d. respiratory rate and tidal […]

Which of the following is defined as a proton donor? a. acid b. base c. buffer d. protein Which cranial nerve innervates the submucosal glands? a. tenth b. ninth c. eighth d. seventh Answer: A Answer: A Where is the […]

How many times per minute do the cilia in the tracheobronchial tree move? a. 1500 times b. 2500 times c. 500 times d. 50 times What is the normal adult BSA? a. 1.5 – 2 m2 b. 1.1-1.49 m2 c. […]

Which condition is described as “a state of unconsciousness from which one cannot be awakened by even the most forceful stimuli”? a. coma b. sleep c. lethargy d. deep sleep Which structures form the posterior section of the floor of […]