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How do the VCs lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes compared to those born and
raised at high altitudes?
a. The VCs of native high altitude residents remain larger
b. After 2-3 days, the VCs are the same size
c. After 2-3 weeks, the VCs are the same size
d. After 2-3 months, the VCs are the same size
Where are the stretch receptors known as volume receptors located?
a. atria of the heart
b. kidneys
c. bladder
d. carotid arteries
Which of the following statements are true?
I. Parasympathetic activity begins at sleep onset and continues throughout nonREM
sleep
II. Somatic skeletal muscle tone is lowest during REM
III. Body temperature falls during REM sleep and increases during non REM sleep
IV. Urine production decreases during REM and non-REM sleep
a. I, II, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I, III, and IV only
d. I, II, and III only
In women, how much does the VC decrease per year?
a. 20 mL/year
b. 10 mL/year
c. 40 mL/year
d. 50 mL/year
Which of the following shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?
I. Fetal Hb (HbF)
II. carboxyhemoglobin
III. increased H+ concentration
a. I and II only
b. I, II, and III
c. II and III only
d. I and III only
Which of the following structures form the anterior nasal septum?
I. Septal cartilage
II. Vomer
III. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
IV. Frontal process of maxilla
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II, III, and IV only
d. I, II, and III only
Which of the following are causes of metabolic acidosis?
I. Diabetic ketoacidosis
II. Salicylate intoxication
III. Severe diarrhea
IV. Renal failure
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I, II and III only
c. I and III only
d. II and III only
What is the first line of defense against hypoxia during deep dives?
a. mammalian diving reflex
b. pre-dive voluntary hyperventilation
c. rapid ascent
d. rapid descent
Which variable appears on the horizontal portion (x axis) of the oxyhemoglobin
dissociation nomogram?
a. oxygen partial pressure
b. total oxygen content
c. percentage of hemoglobin chemically bound to oxygen
d. barometric pressure
What is the term for the volume of gas that is typically measured during exhalation of
one quiet breath?
a. tidal volume
b. expiration
c. minute volume
d. expiratory reserve volume
Which physical law explains elastance?
a. Hooke's law
b. Boyle's law
c. Gay-Lussac's law
d. Charles' law
What percent of patients with chronic renal failure experience platelet abnormalities
and bleeding disorders?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 10%
d. 5%
In which test would the patient be instructed to exhale as forcefully, rapidly, and
completely as possible after taking in a maximal inspiration?
a. FVC
b. SVC
c. MVV
d. FIC
Under normal conditions, what is the ratio between bicarbonate ions and H2CO3 in
arterial blood?
a. 20:1
b. 1:20
c. 10:1
d. 1:10
Which of the following is recommended to be administered via the ET tube for stable
ventricular tachycardia?
a. Lidocaine
b. Magnesium
c. Amiodarone
d. Epinephrine
In a flail chest, which pressure gradients are responsible for the inward movement on
inspiration of the section of unattached ribs?
I. Transpulmonary
II. Transmural
III.Transthoracic
IV.Transrespiratory
a. I and III only
b. II and IV only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
What value is derived when SV is divided by BSA?
a. SVI
b. CI
c. RVSWI
d. LVSWI
What are the primary components of the phosphate buffer system?
I. sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate
II. sodium salts of monohydrogen phosphate
III. sodium salts of trihydrogen phosphate
a. I and II only
b. I, II, and III
c. I only
d. II and III only
What is the name of imaginary equilateral triangle formed by the axes of the limb
leads?
a. Einthoven's
b. Entwhistle's
c. Eiserman's
d. Entemann's
In the normal adult, what is the driving pressure of the systemic circulatory system?
a. 98 mm Hg
b. 40 mm Hg
c. 10 mm Hg
d. 78 mm Hg
Which of the following are functions of the renal system in acid base balance?
I. Regulate excretion of H+
II. Regulate reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
III. Regulate excretion of PCO2
a. I and II only
b. I, II, and III
c. I only
d. II only
In high altitude natives, where are high concentrations of myoglobin located?
I. Diaphragm
II. Myocardium
III. Pectoral muscles
IV. Adductor leg muscles
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I only
c. II only
d. I and II only
Which type of hemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains?
a. HbF
b. HbS
c. HbO
d. HbM
What is the maximum cardiac output expected to be in marathon runners?
a. up to 40 L/min
b. up to 30 L/min
c. up to 20 L/min
d. up to 10 L/min
At sea level, what does the PN2 of the atmosphere equal in mmHg ?
a. 593 mm Hg
b. 760 mm Hg
c. 159 mm Hg
d. 100 mmHg
What is the term for the point at which the energy pathways that produce lactic acid
start to operate?
a. Anaerobic threshold
b. Aerobic threshold
c. Cardiovascular threshold
d. Isometric threshold
What gas is used when the "single breath technique" is performed?
a. CO
b. room air
c. Nitrogen
d. 100% Oxygen
Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are contained in one RBC?
a. 280 million
b. 4
c. 15
d. 1.34
How does the general shape of a flow-volume loop in restrictive lung disease compare
to a normal pattern?
a. shorter and narrower
b. taller and wider
c. shorter and wider
d. taller and narrower
How is fetal lung fluid normally removed?
I. Squeezed out during vaginal delivery
II. Absorbed by the pulmonary capillaries
III. Absorbed by the lymphatic system
IV. Removed by vigorous endobronchial suctioning by the delivery room staff
a. I, II, and III only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
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