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Which hemodynamic parameter is a reflection of the contractility of the left ventricle?
a. LVSWI
b. cardiac output
c. CI
d. stroke volume
When breathing FIO2 1.0 at seal level, what would the PN2 in the alveoli equal?
a. 0
b. 573 mm Hg
c. 593 mm Hg
d. 47 mm Hg
Which of the following is derived when MAP is divided by CO?
a. vascular resistance
b. stroke volume
c. VDEP
d. LVSWI
Why does a patient with CO poisoning have cherry red skin coloring instead of
cyanosis?
a. CO rapidly fills sites on the hemoglobin where oxygen normally attaches. The high
level of carboxyhemoglobin and saturated hemoglobin results in the red coloration
b. CO poisons the hemoglobin and chemical alters the erythrocyte making it incapable
of carrying oxygen. The red color is due to compensatory polycythemia which occurs
immediately.
c. CO causes the hemoglobin molecule to break apart. The red coloration is from the
hemoglobin fragments under the skin
d. Patients with CO posioning hyperventilate so the red coloration is due to the
increased WOB
In the upright position, which portion of the right lung would have the highest
ventilation-perfusion ratio?
a. apex of upper lobe
b. lower lobe
c. middle lobe
d. hilum
Approximately what percent of American women have obstructive sleep apnea?
a. 2%
b. 4%
c. 6%
d. 8%
What portion of the total blood volume is contained in the venous system?
a. 60%
b. 80%
c. 40%
d. 50%
Where do the ureters exit from the kidneys?
a. from the hilum
b. from the superior portion of the kidneys
c. from the inferior portion of the kidneys
d. from the posterior portion of the kidneys
What is the general definition of hypoxemia?
a. low oxygen tension in arterial blood
b. low oxygen tension at the tissue level
c. low oxygen tension in venous blood
d. low oxygen tension in the hemoglobin
Which of the following muscles pull the larynx and hyoid downward?
a. infrahyoid group
b. suprahyoid group
c. cricothyroid muscles
d. posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
Which of the formed elements in the blood contain serotonin?
a. platelets
b. eosinophils
c. basophils
d. neutrophils
What is the normal range for pH of arterial blood?
a. 7.35-7.45
b. 7.30-7.40
c. 7.45-7.55
d. 7.20-7.30
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat stroke?
I. Absence of sweating
II. Muscle cramping
III. Circulatory collapse
IV. Confusion
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. II, III, and IV only
c. I, II and IV only
d. I and Ii only
What is the normal range for mean pulmonary artery pressure in a healthy adult?
a. 9-18 mm Hg
b. 0-8 mm Hg
c. 9-18 cm H2O
d. 0-8 cm H2O
Why is supplemental oxygen indicate when acute alveolar inflammation is
superimposed on chronic interstitial lung diseaset?
a. Diffusion is indirectly related to thickness of the a-c membrane and directly related to
the pressure gradient (P1-P2) so diffusion will be enhanced with supplemental O2
b. Diffusion is indirectly related to thickness of the a-c membrane and indirectly related
to the pressure gradient (P1-P2) so diffusion will be enhanced with supplemental O2
c. Diffusion is directly related to thickness of the a-c membrane and directly related to
the pressure gradient (P1-P2) so diffusion will be enhanced with supplemental O2
d. Diffusion is directly related to thickness of the a-c membrane and indirectly related to
the pressure gradient (P1-P2) so diffusion will be enhanced with supplemental O2
What is the term for a large collection of fluid in the pericardial sac that compresses the
underlying structures?
a. cardiac tamponade
b. pleural effusion
c. pulmonary edema
d. hemathorax
Which of the following are agranulocytes?
I. Lymphocytes
II. Neutrophils
III. Eosinophils
IV.Monocytes
a. I and IV only
b. I, II, II, and IV
c. I, II, and IV only
d. I, III, and IV only
If the TLC is 6.6 L at sea level, what would it equal at a depth of 33 feet under water?
a. 3.3 L
b. 2.2 L
c. 1.1 L
d. 4.4 L
What is the average value for airway resistance in a newborn?
a. 30 cm H20/L/sec
b. 3 cm H20/L/sec
c. 0.005 /L/ sec/cm H20
d. 0.50 L/sec/cm H20
How does the total cross-sectional area of the tracheobrochial tree change from the
trachea to the respiratory zone?
a. It increases steadily to the terminal bronchioles then increases significantly in the
respiratory zone
b. It decreases slightly to the terminal bronchioles then decreases significantly
c. It remains steady throughout the tracheobronchial tree
d. It increases steadily through the lobar bronchi then increases significantly through the
remaining airway generations
What is the term for alveolar ventilation without pulmonary capillary perfusion?
a. alveolar deadspace
b. anatomic deadspace
c. physiologic deadspace
d. minute alveolar ventilation
At STPD, what is the normal value for DLCO for a resting adult male?
a. 25 mL/min/mmHg
b. 2.5 mL/min/mmHg
c. 50 mL/min/mmHg
d. 5 mL/min/mmHg
From what area deep in the lungs do lymphatic vessels arise?
a. loose space of interstitium
b. tight space of interstitium
c. Type II alveolar cells
d. Type III alveolar cells
What is the solubility of oxygen at 760 mm Hg and 37 C?
a. 0.0244 mL/mm Hg/mL H2O
b. 0.592 mL/mm Hg/ mL H2O
c. 0.25 mL/mm Hg/mL H2O
d. 0.75 mL/mm Hg/mL H2O
What changes in ventilatory pattern would be expected during the third stage of
moderate exercise?
a. alveolar ventilation stabilizes
b. alveolar ventilation returns to pre-exercise level
c. alveolar ventilation increases rapidly
d. alveolar ventilation gradually increases until maximum ventilation is reached
In the closed circuit helium dilution method, approximately how long will the patient
breathe a helium mixture?
a. 7 minutes
b. 1-2 deep breaths
c. 12 seconds
d. 15 minutes
At what gestational age do primitive respiratory bronchioles appear?
a. 17-24 weeks
b. 12-16 weeks
c. 25-28 weeks
d. 8-12 weeks
Which of the following is derived from closed circuit helium dilution method?
a. RV
b. VC
c. IC
d. ERV
What is the term for alteration of the ventilatory pattern to minimize dead space
ventilation?
a. ventilatory efficiency
b. metabolic efficiency
c. hyperventilation
d. Hyperefficiency
How is the majority of CO2 transported from the tissues to the lungs?
a. bicarbonate
b. dissolved in the plasma
c. carbamino Hb
d. carbamino compounds
What effect does an elevated body temperature have on ventilation?
a. It causes an increased respiratory rate
b. It causes a decreased respiratory rate
c. It does not affect ventilation
d. It causes apnea
What are the middle three layers (4-5-6) that an oxygen molecule must cross when
moving from the alveoli into the blood?
a. interstitial space, basement membrane of the capillary endothelium, and the capillary
endothelium
b. the liquid lining the intra-alveolar membrane, alveolar epithelial cell, and the
basement membrane of the alveolar epithelial cell
c. interstitial space, basement membrane of the capillary endothelium, and the
intracellular fluid of the erythrocyte
d. plasma of the capillary blood, the erythrocyte membrane, and the intracellular fluid
in the erythrocyte.
In the H-H equation, what value can be substituted for carbonic acid?
a. PCO2 x 0.03
b. PCO2 x 0.301
c. PCO2 x 0.003
d. PCO2 x 3
What changes will occur in the VC and PEFR within 24 hours of ascent to a high
altitude?
a. VC will decrease and PEFR will increase
b. PEFR will decrease and VC will increase
c. both will decrease
d. both will increase
