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What are the boundaries of the pulmonary vascular system?
a. pulmonary trunk to left atrium
b. right atrium to left atrium
c. aorta to right atrium
d. aorta to left ventricle
In the ideal alveolar gas equation, what does 1.25 represent?
a. correction factor for variations in respiratory exchange ratio
b. correction factor for variations in barometric pressure
c. correction factor for variations in water vapor pressure
d. correction factor for variations in FIO2
What change can be expected in alveolar deadspace ventilation throughout adult life?
a. It increases1mL/year
b. It increases 10 mL/year
c. It increases 0.1 L/year
d. It decreases 2 mL/year
What is the term for the procedure in which a radiopaque dye is injected to outline the
coronary arteries?
a. coronary angiography
b. angioplasty
c. coronary bypass
d. catheterization
Which acid base abnormality can result from elevated plasma Cl- ion levels?
a. hyperchloremic acidosis
b. hyperchloremic alkalosis
c. hypochloremic acidosis
d. hypochloremic alkalosis
Which of the following factors exacerbate RLS?
I. Pregnancy
II. Caffeine
III. Diabetes
IV. Renal insufficiency
a. I, II, III and IV
b. II and III only
c. II and IV only
d. III and IV only
What is the first line of defense in acid-base regulation?
a. chemical buffer system
b. respiratory system
c. renal system
d. hepatic system
Which acid base abnormality is suspected when a patient presents with Kussmaul's
breathing and a fruity breath odor?
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
At what lung capacity or volume should MEP be measured?
a. TLC
b. RV
c. FRC
d. VT
Using the 40-50-60/70-80-90 Rule, what PaO2 would be predicted if the SpO2 were
80%?
a. 50 mm Hg
b. 60 mm Hg
c. 40 mm Hg
d. 70 mm Hg
In COPD, which hemodynamic parameter is most increased?
a. mean pulmonary artery pressure
b. PCWP
c. SVR
d. cardiac output
What is the approximate number of nephrons in an adult kidney?
a. 1 million
b. 300,000
c. 3 million
d. 100,000
What is the treatment of choice for the early stages of RDS in premature infants?
a. CPAP
b. oxygen therapy
c. steroids
d. long acting bronchodilators
During which phase of the action potential do the voltage-sensitive ion channels return
to their pre-depolarization permeability?
a. Phase 4
b. Phase 3
c. Phase 5
d. Phase 0
In the oral cavity, what is the term for the space between the teeth and lips?
a. vestibule
b. vallecula
c. vibrissae
d. ventricle
At what point in the respiratory cycle is the equilibrium point reached?
I. Inspiration
II. End-inspiration
III. Expiration
IV. End-expiration
a. II and IV only
b. II only
c. IV only
d. 1 and III only
Which portion of the conductive system is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?
a. sinoatrial node
b. sinoarterial node
c. atrioventricular node
d. arteriovalvular node
Following ascent by lowlanders to high altitudes, when do symptons of acute mountain
sickness normally appear?
a. 6-12 hours
b. 12-24 hours
c. 1-6 hours
d. 24-36 hours
After waste products leave the renal pelvis, what is the next structure they enter?
a. ureter
b. urethra
c. bladder
d. major calyces
Which structures compose the renal corpuscle?
a. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
b. glomeruls and Bachmann's capsule
c. medulla and Bowman's capsule
d. medulla and Bachmann's capsule
How is cardiac output and oxygen uptake affected by prolonged exposure to high
altitudes?
a. Both are the same as at sea level
b. Both are increased
c. Both are slightly decreased
d. Cardiac output is increased but oxygen uptake is the same as at sea level
What is the term for the openings created by the alae nasi and septal cartilage?
a. nares
b. glottis
c. vestibule
d. choana
What is the term for the breathing condition in which short episodes of rapid, uniform
deep breaths are followed by 10-30 seconds of apnea?
a. Biot's
b. Cheyne-Stokes
c. Kussmaul's
d. Levy's
Which of the following are causes of metabolic alkalosis?
I. Hypochloremia
II. Excessive vomiting
III. Severe diarrhea
IV. Diuretic therapy
a. I, II, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. II and III only
d. I, II, and III only
What is the recommended "safe range" for endotracheal tube cuff pressures?
a. 20-25 mm Hg
b. 30-35 mm Hg
c. 35-40 mm Hg
d. 45-50 mm Hg
In the lungs of a healthy young adult male, what is the average surface area available
for gas exchange?
a. 70 square meters
b. 100 square meters
c. 300 square meters
d. 50 square meters
At what gestational age do lung buds first appear?
a. 24th day
b. 28th day
c. 16th week
d. 21st week
When can the simplified alveolar gas equation be used?
I. PaCO2 less than 60 mm Hg
II. PaCO2 greater than 60 mm Hg
III. FIO2 0.6 or greater
IV. FIO2 0.6 or lower
a. I and III only
b. II and IV only
c. I only
d. II only
Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located?
I. Muscles
II. Tendons
III. Joints
IV. Pain receptors in skin and muscles
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I, II, and IV only
c. I and II only
d. II, III, and IV only
On ECG paper operating at standard speed, what is the duration of the large squares?
a. 0.2 seconds
b. 2 seconds
c. 0.04 sec
d. 0.4 sec
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
a. lateral and ventral portion of the medulla oblongata.
b. lateral and ventral portion of the pons
c. aortic arch and carotid bodies
d. lateral walls of cerebral cortex
When a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio occurs, which of the following changes
will occur:
I. PAO2 will increase
II. PAO2 will decrease
III. PACO2 will increase
IV. PACO2 will decrease
V. pH will decrease
a. II ,III, and V only
b. 1, III, and V only
c. II and IV only
d. I, IV, and V only
What is another term for conchae?
a. turbinates
b. choana
c. vestibule
d. alae
