Which of the following statements are true regarding a capnogram?
I. It is a direct measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungs
II. It is an indirect measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungs
III. It is an indirect measurement of PvCO2
IV. It is a direct measurement of PaCO2
a. I and III only
b. I and IV only
c. II and III only
d. II and IV only
What is the correct electrode placement for the modified chest lead?
a. positive electrode at V1, negative electrode on left arm or shoulder
b. positive electrode at V3, negative electrode on left arm or shoulder
c. positive electrode at V6, negative electrode on right shoulder or arm
d. positive electrode at V2, negative electrode on right shoulder or arm
Which exhibits the highest percent of change in a marathon runner?
I. Cardiac output
II. Stroke volume
III. Heart rate
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and II increase by the same amount
Which pulmonary function test in essence assesses the status of the alveolar-capillary
membrane?
a. DLCO
b. PEFR
c. MVV
d. bronchial provocation test
What is the name of the inner-most layer of the pericardium?
a. epicardium
b. visceral pleura
c. serous layer of the mediastinum
d. parietal pericardium
IWhen the average alveolus is fully distended,, what is the approximate surface
tension?
a. 50 dynes/cm
b. 50 cm H20
c. 5-15 dynes/cm
d. 5-15 cm H20
In a healthy adult at rest, what duration is required for diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide across the alveolary capillary membrane to be complete?
a. 0.25 sec
b. 0.75 sec
c. 0.025 sec
d. 0.075 sec
In a young adult, how many awakening occur during a normal night’s sleep?
a. 1-2
b. 3-5
c. 5-6
d. 7-9
Which pulmonary measurement is most frequently used in the home setting?
a. PEFR
b. SVC
c. MVV
d. FEF 25-75%
What of the following influence the oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal blood?
I. Maternal -fetal PO2 gradient
II. Higher hemoglobin concentration in fetal blood
III. Lower affinity of HbF for oxygen
a. I and II only
b. I, II, and III
c. I and III only
d. II and III only
During the first 72 hours in the life of a healthy newborn, what changes would be
expected in arterial blood gases?
I. pH would increase
II. PaCO2 would decrease
III. HCO3– would increase
IV. PaO2 would increase
a. I, II, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I and IV only
d. II and IV only
In a healthy young male, what would the sum of IRV + ERV + VT equal in mL
a. 4800 mL
b. 3600 mL
c. 6000 mL
d. 2400 mL
Which of the following sinuses are considered to be paranasal sinuses?
I. Maxillary
II. Frontal
III. Ethmoid
IV. Sphenoid
a. I. II. III, and IV
b. I, II, and III only
c. I. III, and IV only
d. I and II only
When lung compliance is reduced by half, how will time constants be affected?
a. The time constant will be reduced by half
b. The time constants will double
c. The time constant will be reduced to one-fourth of the original
d. The time constant will increase to four times the original
What structure is formed from the interlobar vein?
a. renal vein
b. arcuate vein
c. interlobular veins
d. peritubular capillaries
Which artery supplies blood to the interventricular septum?
a. anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
b. circumflex branch of left coronary artery
c. marginal branch of right coronary artery
d. posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery
Which of the following are predisposing factors to urinary flow obstruction?
I. Calculi
II. Pregnancy
III. Infection and inflammation
IV.Prostatic hypertrophy
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I and III only
c. I and IV only
d. I, III, and IV only
Which anemia results from an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder?
a. Sickle cell
b. hemorrhagic
c. nutritional deficiency
d. hemolytic
Which of the following are benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD?
I. Increased exercise capacity
II. Reduction in anxiety and depression
III. Increased hospital length of stay
IV. Improved upper arm strength and endurance
a. I , II, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I and IV only
d. I and II only
Approximately how many IgE receptor sites are present on a single mast cell?
a. 100,000 – 500,000
b. 1,000 – 5,000
c. 100 – 500
d. 1,000,000 – 5,000,000
What is the term for ventilation of alveoli without perfusion?
a. alveolar deadspace
b. shunt
c. silent units
d. anatomical deadspace
What is the term for an increase in the number of WBCs?
a. leukocytosis
b. polycythemia
c. anemia
d. leukopenia
What does a hematocrit of 51% indicate for a 50 year old male residing at seal level?
a. polycythemia
b. normal value
c. anemia
d. carboxyhemoglobinemia
What is the normal range for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in a healthy adult?
a. 4-12 mm Hg
b. 0-8 mm Hg
c. 9-18 mm Hg
d. 19-24 mm Hg
What is defined as a proton acceptor?
a. base
b. acid
c. buffer
d. protein
What is the term for the ability of an acid-base mixture to resist sudden changes in pH?
a. buffer action
b. ionization rate
c. dissociation coefficient
d. ionization coefficient
Which of the following structure would compose the plavental cotyledons?
I. Fetal vessels
II. Chorionic villi
III. Intervillous spaces
a. I, II, and III
b. I only
c. II and III only
d. I and II only
.Which of the following statements are true regarding PLMD?
I. It occurs during non-REM sleep
II. The incidence increases with age
III. It often occurs with RLS
a. I, II, and III
b. I only
c. I and III only
d. II and III only
What is the most common cause of respiratory failure in preterm infants?
a. RDS
b. meconium aspiration
c. pneumonia
d. BPD
Which structure extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue?
a. oropharynx
b. nasopharynx
c. laryngopharynx
d. uvula
Which of the sleep disturbances is usually hereditary?
a. narcolepsy
b. transient insomnia
c. PLMD
d. RLS
Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the carotid body to the medulla?
a. IX cranial
b. X cranial
c. XI cranial
d. phrenic
What accounts for the change in PO2 between the atmosphere and alveoli?
I. Water vapor pressure in alveolar gas
II. PCO2 is higher in alveolus than in the atmospheric gas
III. Higher percentage of N2 in alveolar gas
IV. PB is lower in the alveoli than in the atmosphere
a. I and II only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I and IVonly
d. I, II and IV only