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How does the normal adult's respiratory pattern change when lung compliance
decreases?
a. respiratory rate increases and tidal volume decreases
b. respiratory rate decreases and tidal volume increase
c. respiratory rate and tidal volume increase
d. respiratory rate and tidal volume decrease.
What is another name for lung packing?
a. glossopharyngeal insufflation
b. glossotracheal insufflation
c. glossolaryngeal insufflation
d. glossoesophageal insufflation
What is the term for the quantity of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in one
minute during external respiration?
a. respiratory exchange ratio
b. respiratory quotient
c. ventilation perfusion ratio
d. end tidal CO2: O2
How does aging affect the total peripheral vascular resistance?
a. It increases 1% per year
b. It increases 3% per year
c. It decreases 1% per year
d. it decreases 3% per year
From 97% and 90% saturation on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what change
occurs in the PO2?
a. It falls from 100mm Hg to 60 mm Hg
b. It rises from 60 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg
c. It rises from 27mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
d. It falls from 75mm hg to 60 mm Hg
Which of the following affect ventricular afterload?
I. Volume and viscosity of blood ejected
II. Peripheral vascular resistance
III. Cross-sectional area of vascular space into which blood is ejected
a. I, II, and III
b. I only
c. II only
d. III only
What effect would hypovolemia and CHF have on the RVSWI?
a. Both would decrease it
b. Both would increase it
c. CHF would decrease it and hypovolemia would not affect it
d. Hypovolemia would decrease it and CHF would increase it
What are the boundaries of anatomic dead space?
a. nose and mouth through the terminal bronchioles
b. nose and mouth to the alveolar sacs
c. nose and mouth to the segmental bronchi
d. nose and moth to the bronchioles
How many heme groups are in each Hb A molecule?
a. 4
b. 15
c. 280 million
d. 1.34
At what gestational age are all of the subsegmental bronchi present?
a. 16 weeks
b. 10 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 20 weeks
What is the term for the passive movement of gas molecules from a high partial
pressure to an area of low partial pressure until equilibrium is reached?
a. diffusion
b. active transport
c. pressure gradient
d. osmosis
Which ventilatory pattern is defined as the complete absence of spontaneous breathing?
a. apnea
b. apneusis
c. eupnea
d. dyspnea
After the electrical impulse leaves the atrioventricular junction, where does it travel
next?
a. bundle of His
b. bundle branches
c. Purkinje fibers
d. Bachmann's bundle
What would the ventilation-perfusion ratio equal if the pulmonary blood flow is 5.4
L/min and the alveolar tidal volume is 350 mL, and the respiratory rate is 12/min?
a. 0.78
b. 0.85
c. 0.66
d. 0.54
In the healthy adult, what are the normal anterior boundaries of the lungs?
a. Between first and sixth ribs
b. Between first and eigth ribs
c. Between the second and ninth ribs
d. Between the second and eleventh ribs
What changes would be expected in blood vessels in the following areas during
exercise?
I. Capillaries of working muscles would fully dilate
II. Visceral blood vessels would dilate
III. Blood vessels of non-working muscles would constrict
a. I and III only
b. I, II, and III
c. I only
d. II and III only
What is the primary component of the mucous blanket in the tracheobronchial tree?
a. water
b. lipids
c. glycoproteins
d. DNA
Which of the following are functions of the upper airway?
I. Conduction of gas to lower airway
II. Prevent foreign materials from entering lower airway
III. Warm, filter, and humdify inspired gas
IV. Aid in speech and smell
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I, II, and III only
c. I, III, and IV only
d. I, II, and IV only
After what duration at a high altitude will the peripheral chemoreceptors acclimate to
the lower PO2?
a. They do not acclimate to a decreased PaO2
b. 12-24 hours
c. 24-48 hours
d. 48-72 hours
In a pneumothorax, where does the abnormal collection of air accumulate?
a. pleural cavity
b. thoracic cavity
c. mediastinum
d. pericardium
What is the term for inflammation of the pleural membranes?
a. pleurisy
b. pleural effusion
c. empyema
d. pneumothorax
What is causative agent in the majority of cases of acute epiglottitis?
a. Haemophilus influenzae type B
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. MRSA
d. Streptococcus
In the elderly, what effect does regular exercise have on resting heart rate, bone density,
and blood pressure?
a. Heart rate and blood pressure will decrease; Bone density will increase
b. All three parameters will decrease
c. All three parameters will increase
d. Heart rate will remain stable; bone density will increase, and blood pressure will
decrease
Which of the following are components of the nephron?
I. Glomerulus
II. Papillary ducts
III. Loop of Henle
IV. Distal tubule
a. I, III, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I and III only
d. III and IV only
How is PVR affected by acidemia, hypercapnia, and alveolar hypoxia?
a. They cause PVR to increase
b. They cause PVR to decrease
c. Hypoxia increases PVR while acidemia and hypercapnia decrease PVR
d. Acidemia and hypercapnia increase PVR while hypoxia decreases PVR
What is the standard speed at which ECG systems run?
a. 25 mm/sec
b. 25 cm/sec
c. 2.5 mm/sec
d. 2.5 cm/sec
What does the overall ventilation perfusion ratio equal in a healthy adult?
a. 0.8
b. 0.6
c. 0.4
d. 0.25
What percent of all cancers of early childhood can be attributed to Wilms' tumors?
a. 70%
b. 50%
c. 35%
d. 15%
What would the LVSWI index equal if SVI is 42 mL/beat/m2, MAP is 105 mm Hg,
PCWP is 12 mm Hg?
a. 53 g m/ m2
b. 42 g m/ m2
c. 73 g m/ m2
d. 64g m/ m2
Of the limb leads, which contributes the least amount of information for the 12 lead
ECG interpretation?
a. aVR
b. aVF
c. aVL
d. Lead III
What is the interpretation of the acid base status for the following ABG: pH 7.08.
PaCO2 75 mmHg, HCO3- 20 mEq/L
a. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis
b. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
c. acute metabolic acidosis
d. acute respiratory acidosis
How would the addition of a length of tubing between a ventilator and the endotracheal
tube affect on dead space?
a. It would increase the deadspace
b. It would decrease the deadspace
c. It would have no effect on deadspace
d. It would have no effect on deadspace but would increase the tidal volume
What is the general term for the situation when blood flows from the right side of the
heart and returns to the left side without passing through the alveolar capillary system?
a. anatomic shunt
b. relative shunt
c. shunt-like effect
d. left-to-right shunt
What is the term for the difference between the alveolar pressure and the body surface
pressure?
a. transthoracic pressure
b. transmural pressure
c. transrespiratory pressure
d. transpulmonary pressure
