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Which of the following is defined as a proton donor?
a. acid
b. base
c. buffer
d. protein
Which cranial nerve innervates the submucosal glands?
a. tenth
b. ninth
c. eighth
d. seventh
Where is the olfactory region located in the nasal cavity?
a. superior and middle turbinates
b. middle and inferior turbinates
c. choana
d. vestibule
What is the term or acronym for the percentage of RBCs in the blood volume?
a. hematocrit
b. HBV ratio
c. hematocyte %
d. RBCV
What effect would cyanide poisoning and hypothermia have on VO2 and the O2ER?
a. Both would decrease
b. Both would increase
c. VO2 would increase and O2ER would decrease
d. VO2 would decrease and O2ER would increase
How do obstructive lung diseases that cause air trapping affect lung compliance?
a. Lung compliance is reduced
b. Lung compliance is increased
c. Lung compliance remains normal
d. Lung compliance is unaffected by air trapping
Which of the following can decrease the FEF 200-1200 ?
I. Obstructive disorders
II. Restrictive disorders
III. Age
a. I, II, and III
b. I and III only
c. I only
d. II and III only
What is the name of the abnormal condition in which the bundle of His controls the
ventricles at a rate of 40-60 bpm and the atrial rate exceeds the ventricular rate?
a. escape junctional pacemaker
b. bradycardia
c. ventricular escape mechanism
d. asystole
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
a. tricuspid
b. bicuspid
c. pulmonary semilunar
d. aortic semilunar
Which waves are known as deep sleep waves and are predominantly seen in Stage N3?
a. delta
b. beta
c. theta
d. alpha
What is the inner layer of the heart called?
a. endocardium
b. epicardium
c. myocardium
d. pericardium
Which phase of the action potential represents initial repolarization of hte myocardial
cells?
a. Phase 1
b. Phase 2
c. Phase 3
d. Phase 0
Which one of the lung capacites is the smallest?
a. FRC
b. IC
c. TLC
d. VC
What effect would epinephrine have on CI and RVSWI?
a. both would increase
b. both would decrease
c. CI would increase but RVSWI would decrease
d. CI would decrease and RVSWI would increase
Which of the WBCs are the largest in size and can differentiate into macrophages?
a. monocytes
b. neutrophils
c. lymphocytes
d. basophils
With aging, what changes are seen in the elastic recoil and compliance of the lungs?
a. elastic recoil decreases and lung compliance increases
b. elastic recoil increase and lung compliance decreases
c. both will decrease
d. both will increase
Which of the following are accessory muscles of expiration?
I. Rectus abdominis
II. Transverse abdominis
III. Internal intercostals
IV. Pectoralis major
a. I. II, and III only
b. I and II only
c. II, III, and IV only
d. I, II, III, and IV only
Which of the following causes a reduction in MVV?
I. Obstructive disorders
II. Age
III. Restrictive disorders
a. I and II only
b. I, II and III
c. I only
d. III only
Where are the receptors associated with the Hering-Breuer reflex located?
a. visceral pleura and walls of bronchi and bronchiole
b. parietal pleura and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
c. intercostal spaces and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
d. visceral pleura and walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
What is another name for Monge's disease?
a. chronic mountain sickness
b. acute mountain sickness
c. high altitude cerebral edema
d. high altitude pulmonary edema
Which sleep stage accounts for 40-50% of total sleep time?
a. Stage N2
b. Stage N1
c. Stage N3
d. REM
Below what temperature in the bronchi and bronchioles is the Hering-Breuer reflex
inactive?
a. < 8o C
b. < 8o F
c. 37o C
d. 98.6o F
What type of epithelium composes 95% of the alveolar surface?
a. Type I (squamous pneumocyte)
b. Type II (cuboidal)
c. Type III (macrophages)
d. Type IV (pseudostratified squamous)
Where are mast cells located in the tracheobronchial tree?
I. Lamina propria
II. Intra-alveolar septa
III. Sub-mucosal glands
a. I, II, and III
b. I only
c. I and III only
d. I and II only
What is the average adult's urine output in an hour?
a. 60 mL
b. 30 mL
c. 15 mL
d. 90 mL
In which age group is the Hering-Breuer reflex most significant?
a. newborns
b. toddlers
c. adults under age 50
d. adults over age 50
What does the RMP of the myocardial cells equal?
a. -90 mV
b. -50 mV
c. -30 mV
d. -15 mV
Which lung volumes or capacities would increase in an obstructive pulmonary
disorder?
I. VT
II. VC
III. FRC
IV. RV
a. I, III, and IV only
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. II, III, and IV only
d. III and IV only
Which valve is located at the exit of the right ventricle?
a. pulmonary semilunar
b. tricuspid
c. mitral
d. aortic semilunar
During which sleep stage would hypnic myoclonia be most likely to occur?
a. Stage N1
b. Stage N2
c. Stage N3
d. REM
Which limb leads are unipolar leads?
a. aVR, aVL, and aVF
b. I, II, and III
c. IV, V, and VI
d. I, II, and aVF
What is the only absolute way of confirming hyperventilation?
a. monitor the PaCO2
b. assess the respiratory rate
c. assess the tidal volume
d. ask the patient
Which of the following can cause acute ventilatory failure?
I. Guillian-Barre syndrome
II. General anesthesia
III. Head trauma
IV. Myasthenia gravis
a. I, II, III, and IV
b. I and IV only
c. II and III only
d. I, II, and IV only
In which sleep phase does brain metabolism increase by up to 20%?
a. REM
b. Stage 3
c. Stage 2
d. Stage 1
