Criminology 11th Edition

Fears that immigrants used their foreign ways to snare unsuspecting American girls into prostitution prompted the passage of what federal legislation, which prohibited bringing women into the country or transporting them across state lines for the purposes of prostitution? a. Mann Act b. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act c. PROTECT Act d. Sarbanes-Oxley Act

When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were beyond their control, it's known as: a. denial of responsibility b. denial of injury c. denial of victim d. condemnation of the condemners Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Which of the following does not increase the potential for victimization? a. A drunk college student walking back to his or

Excessive alcohol use, access to a weapon, estrangement, obsession with a partner's behavior, flashes of anger, and men who are under economic stress are predictors of __________________. Answer: spousal abuse Answer: spousal abuse Answer: spousal abuse The Plug Uglies, the Hudson Dusters, and the Dead Rabbits were gangs and the forerunners of organized

Discuss the nature and extent of child abuse. Identify at least four causes of child abuse. Answer: Child abuse describes any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident or ordinary disciplinary practices, can be found. Approximately 500,000 children are victims of abuse

Meta-analysis involves gathering data from: a. the social environment b. juveniles c. a cohort d. previous studies Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D What is known about the trend in property crime rates? a. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has increased slightly. b. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has decreased. c. The

What is the role of a professional fence and identify three conditions that make for a successful fence? Answer: The professional fence, who earns his or her living solely by buying and reselling stolen merchandise; act as middlemen who purchase stolen merchandiseranging from diamonds to auto hubcapsand resell them to

___________________ is defined as a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. a. anti-social personality b. extreme extroversion c. latent introversion d. inferiority complex Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Criminal acts designed to bring financial reward to an offender are known as: a. financial crimes b. situational inducements c. economic crimes d. fiscal crimes Answer: C Answer:

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of _______________. Answer: self control Answer: self control Answer: self control Illegal logging costs billions of dollars each year in governments revenue, impairing the ability of third world nations to provide needed social

__________________ are not professional criminals. They are amateur criminals whose decision to steal is spontaneous and whose acts are unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard. Answer: Occasional criminals Answer: Occasional criminals Answer: Occasional criminals Economic crimes can be defined as acts in violation of the criminal code designed to bring financial reward to an offender.

As with other violent crimes, the rate of rape has been on a decade-long rise with the highest monthly rates occurring in December and January. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F When an offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is known as denial of injury. Answer:

A relatively new form of prostitution that combines brothels with call girl rings is known as: a. a massage parlor b. traveling skeezers c. an aristocrat apartment d. a call house Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Evaluations of incarceration strategies reveal that their impact may be less than expected. Which statement is false regarding why incarceration

___________________ occurs when there are sexual relations between an underage (minor) victim and an adult. Answer: Statutory rape Answer: Statutory rape Answer: Statutory rape _____________________ is defined as the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the biosystem that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural

Felons are usually incarcerated in a federal or state prison; misdemeanants are housed in county jails or reformatories. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T Link genetics to crime. Discuss the findings of twin studies and the contagion effect. Answer: The earliest studies conducted on the behavior of twins detected a significant relationship between

For the government to prove tax fraud, the minimum dollar amount that must be involved is: a. $50 b. $100 c. $1000 d. there is no minimum dollar amount Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D People become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. This

According to the principles of age-graded theory, repeated negative life experiences create a condition called _______________________. Answer: cumulative disadvantage Answer: cumulative disadvantage Answer: cumulative disadvantage Adolescent-limited offenders may be considered "typical teens" who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with friends. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T The

Critical criminologists are concerned about the impact of globalization. Which of the following is not a globalization threat? a. the growing dominance and reach of the free-market capitalist system that disproportionately benefits the wealthy b. the non-democratic operation of international financial institutions c. the improved standard of living in Third World nations d. the

Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate? a. High lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior. b. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide. c. Lead exposure

Conflict theorists are concerned with all but which of the following? a. the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment b. the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law c. the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations d. the relationship between a socialism and crime rates

____________________ usually involves the suspension of the offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community under the supervision. Answer: Probation Answer: Probation Answer: Probation Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit crime. This theory is known as the________________. Answer:

Discuss evolutionary theory and its association with gender-based differences in the crime rate. Answer: According to this evolutionary view, the competition for scarce resources has influenced and shaped the human species to engage in actions that promote their well-being and ensure the survival and reproduction of their genetic line. Because

The idea that the punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes is called ______________________. Answer: just deserts Answer: just deserts Answer: just deserts A variety of alternative sentences exist, in part, to relieve prison and jail overcrowding. Identify and discuss four of these intermediate sanctions. Answer:

According to Messner and Rosenfeld, the dominance of economic concerns weakens the informal social control exerted by the family, church, and school. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T ____________ differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived. Answer:

One of the strengths of the general theory of crime is that is it tautological in nature. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F Organic solidarity is a postindustrial social system that is highly developed and dependent upon the division of labor, and in which people are connected by their interdependent needs for one

Discuss the historical evolution of the legal definition of burglary. Answer: In common law, the crime of burglary is defined as "the breaking and entering of a dwelling house of another in the nighttime with the intent to commit a felony within." When first created during the late Middle Ages,

Advocates of the crime control model do not believe the overriding purpose of the justice system is to: a. protect the public b. deter criminal behavior c. incapacitate known criminals d. ensure individualized justice Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D One of the most important findings from cohort studies is the concept of persistence or the continuity

Differential association theory is able to explain why one youth who is exposed to delinquent definitions eventually succumbs to them, while another, living under the same conditions, is able to avoid criminal entanglements. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F Define enterprise crime and discuss the two typologies. Answer: Business enterprise crimes are connected

_____________________ is process in which the past of the labeled person is reviewed and reevaluated to fit his or her current status. Answer: Retrospective reading Answer: Retrospective reading Answer: Retrospective reading The seductions of crime increase the likelihood of engaging in crime due to neither fearing legal punishment nor losing respect of peers. Answer:

The term terrorist first became popular during what event? a. The French Revolution b. The assassination of Julius Caesar c. The American Revolution d. War of 1812 Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Crime reduction efforts in one locale may reduce crime in another area. This is known as _________________. Answer: diffusion of benefits Answer: diffusion of

Prostitutes who barter drugs for sex are called: a. b-girls b. hookers c. circuit travelers d. skeezers Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D The link between substance abuse and violence occurs in three different formats. Violent behavior that results from the conflict inherent in the drug trade is known as: a. the subculture of violence b. psychopharmacological relationship c. economic

_______________ is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, to consider their own needs more important than others, and to satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong. a. Deferred delinquency b. Emergent delinquency c. Latent delinquency d. Delayed delinquency Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following pieces of legislation

Identify four findings of the most recent national survey conducted by the National White Collar Crime Center with concern to white-collar crime. Answer: Victims were urban dwelling, white male Internet users, with high incomes. Nearly one in two households was victimized by white collar crime within the previous year. Well

_______________________ holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class. Answer: Left realism Answer: Left realism Answer: Left realism How does poverty impact children and minority groups? Answer: Poverty during early childhood may

During the 1960s and 1970s, the crime control philosophy became a dominant force in America due to rising fear of crime and what other factor? a. the increasing numbers of inmates being released from prison early due to overcrowding b. the increasing pressure from civil rights advocates c. a rising shortage of police

The __________ are more likely to be victims of frauds and scams. Answer: elderly Answer: elderly Answer: elderly As the percentage of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that police direct at minority group members. This is known as the _______________________. Answer: racial threat hypothesis Answer: racial

Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness and crime. When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve: a. self-mutilation b. violent abuse of women c. drug use d. the use of weapons Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Jails in sixteenth

Official crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of criminal activity. Which of the following does not explain race-based differences in the crime rate? a. Social control efforts of the police and courts b. The history of racial discrimination in the US c. Disparity in the social

_________________ serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction. a. Theories b. Social control mechanisms c. Research methods d. Corrections Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The Kansas City, Missouri police department's study of patrol effectiveness, convinced criminologists that: a. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street

It is difficult to prosecute and control Internet pornography because: a. federal legislation has been successfully challenged in the courts under the First Amendment b. as soon as one website is shutdown another emerges to fill the gap c. nearly all Internet porn sites are based in foreign countries d. federal legislation has lagged

One of the primary goals of police work is to deter criminal behavior. However, the ________________ study found that variations in police patrol had little effect on the crime patterns in the study districts. Answer: Kansas City Answer: Kansas City Answer: Kansas City __________________ is aimed at undermining the social, economic, and political

The premise that traits and characteristics have become ingrained and some of these traits make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime is part of which theory? a. neurophysiological theory b. psychodynamic theory c. evolutionary theory d. personality theory Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Deviant places are defined as being inclusive of all but which of

The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection is called: a. hypermasculinity b. the brutalization process c. the virility mystique d. narcissistic personality disorder Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What

The unique value system that dominates life among the lower classes is known as: a. focal concerns b. middle-class measuring rods c. conduct norms d. reaction formation Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The wealth concentration effect in a worldwide phenomenon. In the United States, the top one tenth of one percent of households averages about ____________

The ________________________ has jurisdiction over federal laws, such as espionage, sabotage, treason, civil rights violations, kidnapping, and interstate transportation of stolen vehicles and property Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Discouragement occurs when crime reduction programs may boomerang and increase rather than