_______________ is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek
immediate gratification, to consider their own needs more important than others, and to
satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.
a. Deferred delinquency
b. Emergent delinquency
c. Latent delinquency
d. Delayed delinquency
Which of the following pieces of legislation combats fraud and abuse in publicly traded
companies?
a. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
b. Sherman Antitrust Act
c. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
d. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Novice criminals often argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their
own peer group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger
society. This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. appeal to higher loyalties
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of victim
What aspect of research may be questioned if studies are funded by organizations that
have a vested interest in the outcome of the research?
a. the cost
b. the objectivity
c. the publishing of findings
d. the scientific method
The most recent research dispute the ____________ hypothesis and suggests the great
bulk of youth crime is a solo act.
a. co-offending
b. age-crime
c. masculinity
d. chivalry
What is the difference between a Trojan horse and a virus?
a. Trojan horses are benign applications.
b. Trojan horses do not replicate themselves.
c. Trojan horses are not as destructive.
d. Trojan horses can penetrate firewalls.
The morally tinged influences, which have become entrenched in the culture but that
are publicly condemned are known as:
a. techniques of neutralization
b. symbolic interactions
c. subterranean behaviors
d. dramatizations of evil
Illegal logging can have severe environmental and social impact. Which of the
following impact statements is false?
a. Illegal logging exhausts forests, destroys wildlife and damages its habitats.
b. By reducing forest cover, illegal logging repairs the ability of land to absorb carbon
emissions
c. Illegal logging creates unsustainable economic devastation in the poorest countries.
d. The substantial revenues from illegal logging fund national and regional conflict.
Critics of the USA Patriot Act are concerned that it erodes:
a. international support
b. economic stability
c. military operations
d. civil rights
A white-collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated, excessive, and
unnecessary buying and selling of stock is known as:
a. chiseling
b. churning
c. front running
d. bucketing
The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal
sanctions (punishment). Of these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that
the _________ of punishment seems to have the strongest impact.
a. severity
b. certainty
c. speed
d. the impact of the components is equal
Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that self-control theory best explains what crime?
a. violent crime
b. property crime
c. all crime
d. juvenile crime
The control of restraint of trade violations, which involves a contract or conspiracy
designed to stifle competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or
otherwise interfere with free market competition, has its legal basis in:
a. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
b. Sherman Antitrust Act
c. U.S. Internal Revenue Code
d. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Changing technology requires modifications of the criminal law. A new defined crime
that involves sending out bulk e-mail messages designed to trick consumers into
revealing personal information is called:
a. phishing
b. spam
c. hacking
d. vishing
According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is
wrong with criminals?
a. low levels of moral reasoning development
b. over-developed Ids
c. over-stimulation of mental capacities
d. limited control over external factors
Public meeting places, often taverns, that served as headquarters for gangs and thieves
in the 18th century were known as:
a. flash houses
b. pigeon drops
c. booster shops
d. cannon houses
Which ethnic group reports the highest rate of violent victimization?
a. Blacks
b. Whites
c. Hispanics
d. Asians
While the Fifth Amendment provides protection from double jeopardy, if an act violates
the laws of two states, the offender may be tried in each state under the:
a. equivalent sovereignty doctrine
b. equal jurisdiction doctrine
c. dual jurisdiction doctrine
d. dual sovereignty doctrine
Due process model advocates have not demanded which of the following practices?
a. Truth-in-sentencing laws.
b. Development of prisoners’ rights.
c. Strict scrutiny of police search and interrogation procedures.
d. Competent defense counsel for every criminal defendant.
By integrating the concepts of ________________________, Gottfredson and Hirschi
help explain why some people who lack self-control can escape criminality, and,
conversely, why some people who have self-control might not escape.
a. socialization and criminality
b. psychology and criminality
c. delinquency and impulsivity
d. trajectories and transitions
This type of law is used to resolve, control, and shape such personal interactions as
contracts, wills and trusts, property ownership, and involves tort law.
a. substantive law
b. procedural law
c. civil law
d. administrative law
According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily salable objects such
as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Deviant behavior:
a. violates the legal code
b. is considered a felony
c. is mala in se
d. departs from social norms
Duress, self-defense, and entrapment are defenses in which the individual usually
admits committing the criminal act but maintains that he or she should not be held
criminally liable. These are what type of defense?
a. excuses
b. justifications
c. intent
d. insanity
_________________________________ suggested that personal traitssuch as genetic
makeup, intelligence, and body buildmay outweigh the importance of social variables
as predictors of criminal activity.
a. Gottfredson and Hirschi
b. Glueck and Glueck
c. Sampson and Laub
d. Wilson and Hernstein
The sexual equality view of prostitution considers the prostitute a victim of:
a. double-standards
b. the legal system
c. male dominance
d. social circumstances
Diversion programs are a policy implication of what social process theory?
a. differential association
b. social control
c. labeling
d. differential reinforcement
The USA Patriot Act does all but which of the following?
a. Allows enforcement agencies to monitor cable operators and obtain access to their
records and systems.
b. Expands the definition of “terrorism” and enables the government to monitor more
closely those people suspected of “harboring” and giving “material support” to
terrorists.
c. Gives greater power to the FBI to check and monitor phone, Internet, and computer
records without first needing to demonstrate that they were being used by a suspect or
target of a court order
d. Provides detainees, enemy combatants and terror suspects greater Constitutional
protection.
Rational choice theory has roots in the Chicago School developed by Cesare Beccaria.
Cybervandals have developed a new form of “entertainment” called _____________ in
which they call 911 and fake an emergency that draws a response from law enforcement
in the form of special tactical teams.
a. e-hooking
b. e-tailing
c. vishing
d. swatting
Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury
or death. This is termed:
a. lifestyle theory
b. high-risk lifestyle
c. deviant place theory
d. victim precipitation theory
Research conducted on the links between different crimes and criminals is known as
_____________.
a. phrenology
b. crime typology
c. sociology
d. psychology
When referring to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, which is
accurate?
a. RICO contains only federally defined crimes.
b. RICO contains only state defined crimes.
c. RICO provides sanctions of 20 years in prison and a $25,000 fine.
d. RICO created new categories of crimes with sanctions of life imprisonment.
Which theorists developed age-graded theory, life course theory that encompasses
transitions and turning points.
a. Gottfredson and Hirschi
b. Glueck and Glueck
c. Sampson and Laub
d. Wilson and Hernstein
Most reported crimes occur during _________________ months
Who are moral crusaders and how have their views and efforts shaped our society and
legal system?
Informal sanctions are less effective at reducing crime than fear of formal legal
punishment.
The drug trade is an important source of foreign revenue, a fact that makes source
control difficult if not impossible.
Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a macro-
but not a micro-level.
Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to
inadequate______________________________.
Rape involving people in some form of romantic relationship is known as
____________.
Children living with a stepparent exhibit less problems as youth in single-parent
families and considerably more problems than those who are living with both biological
parents.
Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and
achieve.
__________ behavior is that which departs from the norms and values of society.
Fines, home confinement, electronic monitoring, intensive probation supervision,
restitution, community corrections, and boot camps are examples of
_________________________.
The __________________ is concerned with the social ecology crime in urban areas.
Intelligence-led policing refers to the collection and analysis of information to produce
informed police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels.
Situational inducements which directly precede the commission of a crime, and draw
offenders into law violations are labeled _________________.
Sentencing circles emerged from ________ culture; they require people accused of
breaking the law to meet with community members, victims, village elders, and agents
of the justice system.
a. Japanese
b. Native American
c. Chinese
d. African American
Denying citizens basic civil rights and routinely using hard labor and torture to punish
political dissidents are human rights violations.
Poor school achievement and limited educational aspirations have been associated with
delinquent behavior.
Define bail and provide its origin and purpose. Include in your response how bail can
contribute to inequities in the treatment of defendants.