___________________ is defined as a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the
rights of others.
a. anti-social personality
b. extreme extroversion
c. latent introversion
d. inferiority complex
Criminal acts designed to bring financial reward to an offender are known as:
a. financial crimes
b. situational inducements
c. economic crimes
d. fiscal crimes
Research indicates that _____ offend more frequently and engage in a greater variety of
antisocial acts than other offenders; they also manifest significantly more mental health
problems.
a. adolescent-limiteds
b. life-course persisters
c. adolescent-diminshers
d. social-persisters
Braithwaite’s view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known
about shame?
a. Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
b. Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
c. As a specific deterrent stigmatization is doomed to failure.
d. Branding offenders is an effective policy.
The view that the inter-group conflict and rivalry that exists in every society causes
crime is known as:
a. critical criminology
b. radical feminist theory
c. surplus value theory
d. peacemaking criminology
When a crime is directed at certain persons because they are disliked or engage in
behavior some people may find offensive, the offenders sometimes neutralizes their
wrongdoing by maintaining that it was deserved. This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victim
d. condemnation of the condemners
According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?
a. The criminal has developed a conscience as he/she matured.
b. The criminal has legitimate means to achieve financial success and does not need to
commit crime.
c. The criminal perceives the crime is too risky.
d. The criminal has learned that crime is only one of many solutions to their personal
problems.
Which of the following is not true with regard to revolutions?
a. Some revolutions rely on armed force, while others can be nonviolent.
b. It is a civil war fought between nationalists and a sovereign power.
c. The Bolsheviks failed in their mission to overthrow the Czarist government in Russia
in 1917.
d. Revolutions have occurred in many countries throughout history.
Which of the following biochemical factors has not been linked to criminality?
a. Use of alcohol
b. Increased exposure to metals and chemicals
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hormones
The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) are examples
of what type of terrorist group?
a. retributive terrorists
b. cult terrorists
c. nationalist terrorists
d. eco-terrorists
With regard to lead and its association to aggressive behaviors, what statement is false?
a. Areas with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of
homicide
b. Neurological conditions, such as hyperactivity, occur even with limited exposure to
lead
c. Lead poisoning was one of the most significant predictors of female delinquency
d. Lead exposure at a young age increased the likelihood of engaging in offending in
late adolescence and early 20s.
Communication via symbols which represent something else is known as:
a. symbolic interaction
b. labeling theory
c. subterranean behavior
d. dramatization of evil
What statement is false about what is known about racial bias in sentencing?
a. It is possible that some research efforts miss a racial effect because they use invalid
measures of race.
b. Minority defendants suffer discrimination in a variety of early court actions that
impact on sentencing decisions.
c. Research on sentencing has failed to show a definitive pattern of racial
discrimination.
d. The victim’s race is not any more a critical factor in sentencing than the offender’s.
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which type of household would
be least likely to contain crime victims or be the target of burglary or larceny?
a. rural, African American-owned homes in the West
b. urban, white-owned homes in the Southeast
c. suburban, African American-owned homes in the Northeast
d. rural, white-owned homes in the Northeast
Using dummy or disabled goods for retail display while having the real merchandise
kept under lock and key, a technique used with high-cost electronic devices, is known
as:
a. a target removal strategy
b. a target hardening strategy
c. an electronic surveillance system
d. source tagging
Self-report data supports the notion that ________________________ may account for
the lower-class’s overrepresentation in official statistics and the prison population.
a. people who engage in drug abuse, especially crack
b. those who have easy access to handguns
c. law enforcement practices
d. people who are immigrants
Which of the following statements is not a potential explanation for the marked increase
in crimes committed by females?
a. Police willingness to arrest girls for minor crimes
b. Police are making more arrests for crimes which occur at school and in the home
c. Police are more likely to use their discretion to help females.
d. Police are attempting to be “gender neutral”.
Mass murder involves killing four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a
single event. These single, uncontrollable outbursts are also termed:
a. concurrent killings
b. outburst killings
c. spree killings
d. simultaneous killings
__________________ views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a
multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.
a. the social development model
b. life course theory
c. interactional theory
d. human nature theory
In crimes of institutional exploitation, the victims are those who are forced to pay for
services to which they have a clear right. Who or what is the victim in crimes of
influence peddling?
a. the organization that is compromised by its employees
b. the customers of an organization who end up paying higher prices for its goods or
services
c. entry-level employees of an organization who are compromised by higher-ranking
employees
d. the stockholders of an organization compromised by its customers
The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life
course is known as:
a. social development model
b. developmental criminology
c. general theory of crime
d. social control theory
Car theft which involves stealing a luxury car and replacing its vehicle identification
number (VIN) with a legitimate VIN and providing counterfeit dealership and
registration documents is known as:
a. carjacking
b. joyriding
c. prestige-jacking
d. car cloning
When an individual accepts the goals of society, but rejects or is incapable of attaining
them through legitimate means, it is called:
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. rebellion
To combat losses from credit card theft, Congress passed a law in 1971 limiting a
person’s liability to _____ per stolen card.
a. $25
b. $50
c. $100
d. $500
Some theorists believe that criminality may be a part of a group of antisocial behaviors
that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical
abuse, substance abuse, educational underachievement, sensation seeking, and
unemployment. This is known as:
a. problem behavior syndrome
b. general theory of crime
c. social development model
d. human nature theory
Those who gain pleasure from practicing traditional ceremonies regardless of whether
they have a real purpose or a goal are known as:
a. conformists
b. innovators
c. ritualists
d. rebels
Which of the following is not a factor that predicts spousal abuse?
a. flashes of anger
b. military service
c. the presence of alcohol
d. economic stability
Research on gateway drugs indicates that many American youths have tried marijuana.
Sadly, most of these adolescent users progress to crack or heroin abuse.
When the U.S. Supreme Court words a decision in such a way that it becomes a
precedent and must be honored by all lower courts it is termed a:
a. certiorari decision
b. hallmark decision
c. writ decision
d. landmark decision
Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
a. victimologists
b. sociologists
c. psychologists
d. behaviorists
The effect of shaming may vary according to what?
a. the age of the offender
b. the level of dysfunction within the family unit
c. the cohesiveness of the community structure
d. the amount of media coverage received
Human nature theory indicates that all human behavior, including criminality, is
determined by its perceived consequences. Psychological and biological traits influence
one’s crime and noncrime choices.
Local programs designed to assist victims and witnesses with medical bills,
transportation, loss of wages, counseling, and other needs caused by the crime are
called _______________________.
Identify and discuss five various factors that explain crime trends.
Males are more likely than females to be victims of violent crime.
Identify and define three damaging forms of green collar crime.
Those who adhere to due process principles believe in individualized justice, treatment,
and rehabilitation of offenders.
Research indicates that school dropouts, especially those who have been expelled, face
a significant chance of entering a criminal career. According to the Urban Institute,
what percentage of American students manage to graduate?
a. 31 percent
b. 46 percent
c. 63 percent
d. 71 percent
People who suffer paranoid or delusional feelings, and who believe others wish them
harm or that their mind is dominated by forces beyond their control, seem to be
violence prone.
Public order crimes are behaviors outlawed because they conflict with social policy,
prevailing moral rules, and current public opinion.
Explain the concept of peacemaking criminology and how it differs from other forms of
conflict criminology.
________________________suggests that criminal offenders are aggressive, frustrated
persons dominated by events experienced early in childhood. Their egos may be
damaged or their superegos underdeveloped.
Government and institutional funding have little influence on the direction and nature
of criminological research.
What ethical issues should criminologists consider when conducting criminological
research and why should these issues be considered?
Contraband can be seized without a warrant if it is plain view.
A _______________________ means that both sentences are served at the same time,
and the term of imprisonment is completed after the longest term has been served.
Among the allegations of criminal wrongdoing investigated by the EPA is conspiracy
and money laundering relating to environmental criminal activities.
Define white-collar crime comparing Sutherland’s original definition of white-collar
crime with today’s more updated definition.