The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect,
and affection is called:
a. hypermasculinity
b. the brutalization process
c. the virility mystique
d. narcissistic personality disorder
Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than
poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What percent of American children live in
poverty?
a. 5%
b. 19%
c. 24%
d. 36%
A(n) ___________________ usually involves a fine, a term of community supervision
(probation), a period of incarceration in a penal institution, or some combination of
these penalties.
a. arraignment
b. disposition
c. appeal
d. information
Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior?
a. running away from home
b. hanging out with deviant peers
c. living in an egalitarian family
d. shoplifting on a regular basis
Those who illegally obtain software and then “crack” or “rip” its copyright protections,
before posting it on the Internet for other members of the group to use are engaging in:
a. mousetrapping
b. spamming
c. e-tailing
d. warez
According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce:
a. stigma
b. primary deviance
c. secondary deviance
d. anomie
Left realists take the view that the poor are doubly abused by __________ and
____________.
a. the ruling class; their own class
b. the capitalist system; criminals
c. the capitalist system; their own class
d. the ruling class; criminals
Congress passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act that made it illegal to:
a. traffic women and children across country borders
b. bribe foreign officials
c. take kickbacks from foreigners
d. engage in price-fixing with foreign businesses
A number of concerns have been waged against restorative justice. What statement is
false?
a. Viewed as a social movement rather than a method of rehabilitation
b. Cultural and social differences that may be effective in one subculture may be
considered insulting and damaging.
c. The benefits only work in the long-term and ignore the short-term needs of the victim
and offender.
d. Must balance the needs of offenders with those of their victims
Criminals who use force to obtain money or goods from people they know are engaging
in what type of crime?
a. commercial robbery
b. household robbery
c. acquaintance robbery
d. negligent robbery
The rehabilitation model suggests that people commit crime:
a. in spite of treatment and rehabilitation efforts
b. when the opportunity exists
c. through no fault of their own
d. when the general public is nonsupportive of the poor
The basic elements of classical criminology do not include which of the following
ideas?
a. Free will
b. Criminal solutions require much effort but hold the promise of a huge payoff
c. Deterrence
d. Severity, certainty and swiftness are needed to ensure punishment works
Rape by someone known to the victim, including family members and friends, is known
as:
a. acquaintance rape
b. date rape
c. blitz rape
d. association rape
Which piece of legislation set up unified categories of illegal drugs and associated
penalties with their sale, manufacture, or possession?
a. the Boggs Act (1951)
b. the Durham-Humphrey Act (1951)
c. the Narcotic Control Act (1956)
d. the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970)
What prompted the development of formal agencies of criminal justice in the nineteenth
century?
a. the Civil War
b. the rising number of murders in port cities
c. rampant alcohol abuse
d. criminal gangs and groups
A charge identifies the criminal activity, the facts of the case, and the circumstances of
the arrest. What is this document called in the case of misdemeanor offenses?
a. a bill of indictment
b. a complaint
c. an information
d. a nolle prosequi
Which of the following is a public-order crime?
a. online gambling
b. fraud
c. prostitution
d. identity theft
Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of a high-risk lifestyle?
a. participating in sports
b. using drugs and alcohol
c. being a college student
d. involvement in crime
Which of the following has been linked to decreasing crime?
a. family and friends who hold criminal beliefs
b. single-parent households
c. holding religious beliefs
d. lack of educational motivation
The process of bail is meant to ensure:
a. that a suspect can work with her/his defense attorney
b. that witnesses will cooperate with attorneys
c. that a suspect will appear at trial
d. that victims will testify at trial
Swindles run by crooks who aspire to separate a victim from his or her hard-earned
money are known as:
a. constructive stings
b. confidence games
c. constructive schemes
d. confidence schemes
Which of the following sets of factors would not predict chronic offending?
a. parental supervision, average grades, average school attendance
b. skipping school, criminal family members, stealing pattern of behavior
c. poor grades, poor parental supervision, gang association
d. school suspensions, documented child abuse, runaway pattern of behavior
According to instrumental theorists, to unmask the true purpose of law and justice is
termed:
a. destigmatize
b. discredit
c. dishonor
d. demystify
The UCR uses all but which of the following methods to express crime data?
a. number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made
b. crime rates per 100,000 people
c. changes in the number and rate of crime over time
d. number of crime cleared
Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse,
suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:
a. personality disorder
b. minimal brain dysfunction
c. hormonal imbalance
d. neurotransmitter disorder
According to Tunnell, dealers who sold drugs to maintain a consistent access to drugs
for their own consumption are known as:
a. stash dealers
b. front dealers
c. drug-involved dealers
d. crack heads
______________________ can be defined as granting nonmarital sexual access,
established by mutual agreement among parties for remuneration.
a. Prostitution
b. Paraphilia
c. Exploitation
d. Frotteurism
Currently, how many people are under some form of correctional supervision?
a. less than 2 million
b. about 5 million
c. more than 7 million
d. over 10 million
What are the three branches of social structure theory?
a. social learning theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory
b. cultural deviance theory, deprivation theory, strain theory
c. cultural deviance theory, anomie theory, deprivation theory
d. social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory
The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates
to physical fighting and violence is known as:
a. the power pathway
b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway
d. the covert pathway
Which of the following (partial) ordering of events accurately reflects the trial process?
a. charging the jury, opening statements, direct examination, redirect examination,
rebuttal, closing arguments, charging the jury, verdict
b. charging the jury, opening statements, direct examination, rebuttal, redirect
examination, closing arguments, charging the jury, verdict
c. opening statements, direct examination, cross examination, rebuttal, closing
arguments, charging the jury, verdict
d. opening statements, charging the jury, direct examination, redirect examination,
rebuttal, closing arguments, verdict
Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are
known as:
a. instrumental violence
b. expressive violence
c. rational violence
d. irrational violence
Institutional racism undermines faith in social and political institutions and weakens
confidence in the justice system. According to _____________, as the percentage of
African Americans in the population increases so too does the amount of social control
that police direct at blacks.
a. police density theory
b. police threat theory
c. racial density theory
d. racial threat theory
Discuss the government’s response to victimization. What legislation and programs are
applicable and available to victims?
The criminal justice assembly line is an accurate metaphor of how the process of justice
works. Explain why this is so.
According to critical criminologists, crime is a _____________ concept designed to
protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.
Discuss the history of prostitution and the origin of the word. What impact does this
term have on society today?
___________________ is promoted through the cohesion among neighborhood
residents combined with shared expectations for informal social control of public space.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s _______________ is the best known and most
widely cited source of official criminal statistics.
Explain the at least five differences between “adolescent-limited” and “life-course
persistent” offenders. What are the differences between the offense patterns for two
pathway groups?
People who believe that criminal activity will damage their self-image and their
relationships with others have a commitment to ___________________.
Recent court rulings have given police greater latitude to search for and seize evidence
and have eased restrictions on how police operate.
Gunnar Myrdal described a worldwide _______ that was cut off from society, its
members lacking the education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern
society.
The _____________________is a federal level law enforcement agency whose officers
help implement federal court rulings, transport prisoners, and enforce court orders.
Define what political crime is and provide three reasons why political crime is so
subjective in its nature.
The major enforcement arm against environmental crimes is the
_______________________.
According to early victimologists, victim behavior is very rarely a key determinant of
crime.
Critical criminologists are more likely to examine ________________________ rather
than to use more empirical methods such as surveys and data analysis.
Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for
a criminal act. They are a direct offshoot of:
A)the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system
B)judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures
C)the early common-law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state
D)claims of racial bias in the sentencing process
Discuss what is meant by the phrase “the ecology of crime.” Explain how crime rates
are impacted by each factor.
Which of the following is illegal but is not necessarily deviant?
a)Incest
b)Drug use
c)Vandalism
d)Phising
According to Sir Patrick Devlin, so-called victimless crimes should be prohibited
because one of the functions of criminal laws is to express a shared sense of
_________________.