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Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is
inaccurate?
a. High lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive
behavior.
b. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also
reported the highest levels of homicide.
c. Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial
behaviors.
d. The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.
The condition that exists when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to
one another is known as:
a. general strain
b. anomie
c. siege mentality
d. relative deprivation
When a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses
minorities, and stifles political dissent, it is considered:
a. retributive
b. nationalist
c. revolutionary
d. state-sponsored
Sex offender registries were legislated as a result of:
a. the "castle doctrine"
b. victim impact statements
c. victim-offender reconciliation programs
d. the death of Megan Kanka
Prisons are usually categorized according to:
a. size and location
b. their levels of security and inmate populations
c. their levels of education and rehabilitation programming
d. state and federal jurisdiction
Criminal law is shaped by all but which of the following?
a. shifts in culture and social conventions
b. judicial decision-making
c. legislative statutes
d. social control mechanisms
Both the United States and most sovereign nations have passed laws making it a crime
to pollute of damage the environment. Which of the following is not an environmental
law in the U.S.?
a. Clean Water Act
b. Endangered Species Act
c. Sarbanes-Oxley Act
d. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who
hold power in society is known as:
a. Marxist feminism
b. radical feminism
c. social reality of crime
d. dialectic method
Which goal of punishment aims to spare non-dangerous offenders from the stigma and
labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process?
a. rehabilitation
b. diversion
c. retribution
d. restoration
White collar crime involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose
acknowledged purpose is __________ profit through __________ business
transactions.
a. criminal; black-market
b. black-market; violent
c. illegal; legitimate
d. illegal; illegitimate
The highest crime rate is found in which regions of the country?
a. north and south
b. south and west
c. east and south
d. west and north
According to Matza, ________ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of
behavior to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law
abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.
a. anomie
b. drift
c. strain
d. dramatization
While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, a terrorist has a/an _______focus
and a guerilla has a/an ________ focus.
a. ideological - political
b. urban - rural
c. political - ideological
d. rural " urban
Therapeutic interventions designed to make people better problem solvers do not
involve which measure?
a. teaching empathy
b. modeling prosocial behavior
c. enhancing coping skills
d. improving relationships with deviant peers
When efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another and when crime
control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other non-target areas, this is called:
a. extinction
b. diffusion of benefits
c. crackdowns effects
d. discouragement benefits
The bail system goes back to English common law and is meant to ensure the
appearance of the defendant at trial. Who actually sets the amount of bail?
a. a probation officer
b. a prosecutor
c. a magistrate
d. a court bailiff
Tom Delay was forced out of politics by his involvement in a bribery scandal involving
Washington, D.C. lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Representative Randy "Duke" Cunningham
resigned from Congress after confessing to accepting $2.4 million in bribes. Former
Illinois Governor George Ryan was convicted of steering government contracts to
people willing to give him kickbacks and bribes. All three of these men committed the
white-collar crime of:
a. restraint of trade
b. influence peddling
c. professional chiseling
d. embezzlement
The view, according to Robert Agnew, that individuals who feel stress and strain are
more likely to commit crimes is called:
a. general strain theory
b. negative affective states
c. relative deprivation
d. culture conflict
______________________ are perpetrated by state authorities against the people they
are supposed to serve in an effort to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race,
class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
a. Industrial espionage and treason
b. Insurgencies
c. State-corporate crimes
d. State political crimes
According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct
physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?
a. endomorph
b. mesomorph
c. ectomorph
d. mendomorph
__________ occur when significant others, such as parents, peer, neighbors, and
teachers, direct their disapproval toward the offender.
a. Informal sanctions
b. Symbolic sanctions
c. Delayed sanctions
d. Reactive sanctions
Some crime experts argue that violence is a matter of choice and serves many goals.
Which statement is not a goal of violence?
a. Offenders want to control their victim's behavior and life.
b. The perpetrator engages in restorative justice and punishes the person outside the
purview of the criminal justice system
c. The attacker wants to deter someone from repeating acts considered hostile or
provocative.
d. Violence may be motivated by the need to enhance one's reputation.
The belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is known
as:
a. latent potential
b. equipotentiality
c. shared potential
d. biopotentiality
How do backers of the restorative justice model view punitive methods of correction?
a. They are viewed as restorative to the social capital of society.
b. They are viewed as stigmatizing to the offender.
c. They are viewed as effective if used in combination with parole and aftercare.
d. Punitive methods are viewed as no more effective than more humanitarian efforts.
How is age correlated with crime?
a. Age is not correlated with crime " anyone can commit crime.
b. Middle aged males, 30-45, commit the most crime.
c. Age is inversely related to crime " younger people commit more crime
d. Age is correlated with crime only if referring to males.
High levels of coercion produce criminality. Coercion that involves pressures beyond an
individual's control, such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or
poverty, is termed:
a. covert coercion
b. latent coercion
c. interpersonal coercion
d. impersonal coercion
Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable
explanation, such as an accident, can be found is known as:
a. child abuse
b. elder abuse
c. hate crimes
d. cruelty to animals
______________ argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, and is
linked to criminal behavior.
a. nature theory
b. nurture theory
c. cognitive theory
d. neurophysiological
The problem of controlling pornography centers on the definition of:
a. obscenity
b. filth
c. contentious content
d. indecent substance
In 1870, the U.S. Department of Justice became involved in policing when the attorney
general hired investigators to enforce _______________. This eventually led to the
formation of the FBI.
a. prohibition
b. the Mann Act
c. anti-slavery legislation
d. white-collar crime statutes
Standards set by authority figures such as teachers, employers, or supervisors are:
a. reaction formations
b. middle-class measuring rods
c. conduct norms
d. focal concerns
Social learning theorists contribute all but which of the following factors to violent
and/or aggressive behavior?
a. learned aggressive skills
b. the belief that aggression is justified and appropriate
c. the belief that aggression is rewarded
d. consistent relationship between painful attacks and aggressive responses
Which of the following is not an explanation as to how retributive terror groups use
violence to achieve their goals?
a. Terrorists use violence to cause pain, notably casualties to frighten countries and
bend their will.
b. Terrorists want to improve the U.S. economy to strengthen its ability to deteriorate
international affairs.
c. Violence is used to attract the attention of potential recruits and supporters.
d. Some use violence to pursue their own, often local, goals and only receive some
support and encouragement from international terrorist organizations.
Research on block watches and neighborhood patrols has found that in communities
that utilize them:
a. there has been a decrease in property and violent crimes
b. violent crime increased, but property crime decreased
c. there is no real affect on the crime rate
d. a decrease in crime occurs followed by an increase in the crime rate
_______________________ involves groups that engage in violent actions to protect
the environment.
Which of the following is not a role of the prosecutor?
A)determining the charges to be brought against a suspect
B)negotiating a guilty plea with the defendant
C)charging the jury
D)issuing a nolle prosequi
The work of Cesare Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical
curiosity, not scientific fact.
The concepts of law and morality are tightly interwoven. Discuss how morality impacts
the law and why some scholars believe these two concepts cannot be separated.
Describe the difference between a felony and misdemeanor and provide examples of
each.
Some feminists have staked out conflicting views of prostitution. Discuss both
viewpoints and where they are in agreement.
The nonintervention model would be most worried about the government's expanding
ability to use computers to intrude into people's private lives.
Identify and discuss three sub-areas of the criminological enterprise.
From their inception in the nineteenth century, the component agencies of criminal
justice have worked as a system.
Violent rates are highest in urban areas where subcultural values support gangs that
typically embrace the use of violence. The culture which houses gangs associates honor
with _________________________ and the use of violence to protect reputation.
As communities undergo cycles of change, neighborhood deterioration precedes
increasing crime rates. Neighborhoods most at risk for crime rate increases contain:
a. large numbers of single-parent families and unrelated people living together
b. owner-occupied units
c. workers seeking employment
d. an economic base that contains skilled and semi-skilled jobs
_______________ is a type of car theft usually motivated by a teenager's desire to
acquire the power, prestige, sexual potency, and recognition associated with possessing
an automobile.
___________________ is induced by force, fraud, or coercion and facilitated by social
problems and disorder, such as disruptions in the global economy, war and social
unrest.
Patterns of cooperation among judges, prosecutors, and public defenders are referred to
as the ______________________.
Criminal statistics, the sociology of law, theory construction, criminal behavior
systems, penology, and victimology comprise the _______________________.
Describe what espionage involves and then distinguish between traditional espionage,
industrial espionage, and foreign industrial espionage.
